In recent years, it has been demonstrated that neuroendocrine and immune systems are functionally correlated. In particular, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may be activated by a cytokine, interleukin- 1 which stimulates corticotropin releasing hormone (Sapolsky, Rivier, Yamamoto, Plotsky & Vale, 1987) and eventually determines an increase in corticosteroids which, in turn, inhibit interleukin- 1 production (Besedovsky, Del Rey, Sorkin & Dinarello, 1986). This immune-endocrine feedback loop may be a relevant mechanism of control of the immune response and it has been suggested that an impairment of this circuit may be involved in certain autoimmune disease (Schauenstein, Fassler, Dietrich, Schwarz, Kromer & Wick, 1987). Information about endocrine-immune connections in human subjects derived from in vivo studies is very scanty. A report by Meyer, Smith, Richards, Cavallo, Morril, and Blalock (1 987) investigating cortisol response to typhoid antigen in hypopituitary children, demonstrated that immunization elicits a significant increase in cortisol secretion in normal subjects and no response in hypopituitary children. The aim of this paper was to investigate the adrenal response to antigenic challenge in normal adult subjects. 15 normal subjects, 9 men and 6 women, aged 23-52yr were included in this study. All had received a primary immunization series. After giving informed consent, each subject received either 0.5 ml of saline or tetanic toxoid (Anatetall, Sclavo) intramuscularly at 09:OO hr in two nonconsecutive days. Blood samples were collected from an indwelling heparinized catheter at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10hr after injection. Plasma specimens were analyzed by radioimmunoassay techniques for ACTH, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and cortisol levels using commercially available kits. Results were assessed for statistical significance by means of the paired t test. During control test, cortisol levels decreased regularly in serial sampling. After antigenic challenge, cortisol concentrations at 4 and 6 hr were significantly higher than those observed at the same intervals of the control test (mean f SEM; 12.50pg/ dl +_ 0.87 vs 9.37 +_ 0.66 at 4hr; p = .01; and 9.73 k .62 vs 7.77 +_ .55 at 6hr, p = .02, respectively)(Figure 1). At baseline, plasma ACTH, GH and PRL levels were in normal range and showed minor fluctuations following either saline or tetanic toxoid injection in all subjects. Our data demonstrated that an antigenic stimulation determined a significant rise

1984-01-01·European Journal of Immunology3区 · 医学

Helper function of human T cells with different affinity for Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin in a tetanus toxoidinduced B cell differentiation system

3区 · 医学

Article

作者: Margareta Wikén ; Ulla Hellström ; Peter Perlmann

AbstractT cells from human peripheral blood were enriched in T4+ cells by lysis of T8+ cells with the monoclonal antibody OKT8 plus complement. The T4+ subset was separated into 4 fractions differing in avidity for the lectin Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP). The fractions were studied for their capacity to help autologous B cells to differentiate and mature into immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion after activation with tetanus toxoid (TT) in vitro. To ensure the antigen specificity of induction, very low doses of TT (1–100 ng/ml) were used for activation of the lymphocytes, all obtained from previously sensitized donors. The T4+ cells with low avidity for HP (fractions HP‐I and HP‐II) exerted little help for B cell differentiation. Removal of these cells enhanced the helper function of the remaining T4+ cells, indicating that fractions HP‐I and HP‐II contained suppressor cells. In contrast, efficient B cell help was provided by T4+ cells with high avidity for HP (fractions HP‐III and HP‐IV). However, these fractions differed in the quality of help provided. Thus, while HP‐III cells induced IgG secretion, HP‐IV cells mainly induced IgM secretion. Moreover, while the Ig secreted after help from HP‐III cells was TT‐specific antibody, the Ig secreted by B cells in the presence of autologous HP‐IV cells was polyclonal, probably reflecting induction of B cells, differing in their responsiveness to signals provided by different types of T cells. The results indicate that T4+ cells vary in their stage of differentiation as seen by differences in expression of the HP marker and that differences in HP‐marker expression appear to be associated with differences in cellular functions.

1980-11-30·Bollettino dell'Istituto sieroterapico milanese

[Anti-tetanus vaccines, serums and immunoglobulins].

Article

作者: Pontecorvo, M

Specific immunity to tetanus toxin is only artificially acquired and is provided by the presence in the blood and in the extravascular fluids of an IgG antibody passively administered or actively produced by the organism through vaccine injections. In the first case serum of human origin is now preferred to serum of animal origin due to the lack of major undesirable reactions and longer duration of protection (about 4 weeks versus 7-10 days). Tetanus toxoid is one of the most safe and potent known immunogens. For primary immunization adsorbed toxoid is given on two occasions at 2 months interval with a third reinforcing dose approximately one year after the second. The subsequent antitoxin response persists at protective level for at least 5 years and for a longer time (10 years about) after a booster. The ability to promptly react to a booster injection (immunological memory) is greatly long-lasting in persons who have previously received at least two doses.

100 项与吸附破伤风类毒素(Research Fdn for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University) 相关的药物交易

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