Human disturbance (HD) leads to the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), posing a threat to the health of wild animals. However, not all ARGs necessarily endanger wild animals' health. Therefore, this study used the golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) as a sentinel species, and employed metagenomics to investigate the impact of high-risk ARGs (Rank Ⅰ ARGs) from habitats on wild animals' health. Subsequently, we studied the expression of metabolites within the metabolic network harboring homologous functional genes based on metabolomics. The results indicated that only 0.034% of ARGs in the habitat soils were classified as Rank I ARGs. HD not only increased the accessibility, mobility, pathogenicity and availability of Rank I ARGs in the soils of wild animals' habitats, thereby elevating the health risks to wild animals. Especially, the energy metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism functions of the gut microbiome were disrupted in wild animals. Multiple factors influence the health of wild animals posed by Rank I ARGs under HD: primarily, the strong correlation between ARGs and MGEs; the indirect impact of the content of AP in the soil; the increased proportion of the host bacteria Enterobacter; and the rise in the potential host bacteria of Rank I ARGs. We suggested that the use of aminoglycoside, glycopeptide, and peptide antibiotics should be strictly controlled in nature reserves, coupled with enhanced monitoring of soil nutrients, particularly available phosphorus.

2026-06-01·Neural Regeneration Research

Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the activation of pathogenic CD4+ T cells in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Article

作者: Guo, Yi ; Yi, Ming ; Guo, Mengdi ; Huang, Bin ; Deng, Guozhen ; Yang, Xue ; Zhang, Cun-Jin ; Dong, Linglin ; Jiang, Mei-Ling ; Wang, Zilin ; Wang, Weiyan ; Lin, Zhiyong

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202606000-00071/figure1/v/2026-04-16T195327Z/r/image-tiff Multiple sclerosis is a severe autoimmune disorder that is mainly mediated by pathogenic cluster of CD4 + T cell subsets. Despite advancements in the management of multiple sclerosis, there is a critical need for more effective and safer treatments. In the present study, we administered Lycium barbarum glycopeptide to a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis—an animal model of multiple sclerosis—and evaluated its effects on pathogenic CD4 + T cell activation both in vivo and in vitro . Lycium barbarum glycopeptide significantly mitigated the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, as demonstrated by reduced demyelination and neuroinflammation. Moreover, Lycium barbarum glycopeptide treatment decreased the infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Lycium barbarum glycopeptide also modulated pathogenic CD4 + T cell activation by inhibiting T helper 1/T helper 17 cell differentiation while promoting regulatory T cell expansion. Notably, no side effects were observed, suggesting the long-term safety and tolerability of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide. Furthermore, RNA sequencing data indicated that Lycium barbarum glycopeptide inhibits activator protein-1, an essential regulator of T cell activation and differentiation. This finding was supported by the reversal of T helper/T helper 17 cell response suppression upon AP-1 blockade. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide as an innovative therapeutic agent for CD4 + T cell-associated autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

2026-06-01·JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION

Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in patients with or without prior MRSA colonisation

Article

作者: Quah, J ; Wahab, M T ; Koh, M C Y ; Chow, A ; Somani, J ; Wu, J E ; Ang, B ; Aung, A H ; Ngiam, J N ; Beh, D ; Tang, Y W ; Chia, G ; Smitasin, N

BACKGROUND:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, is endemic in hospitals. Despite interventions, hospital-onset (HO)-MRSA bacteraemia rates remain high. Infection prevention and control efforts mainly target colonised patients, yet non-colonised patients also carry distinct risks. Identifying risk differences is essential for prevention.

METHODS:

We conducted a case-control study of 253 HO-MRSA cases and 253 controls matched by month, specialty, and status at 2 tertiary hospitals (2016-2022). Multi-nomial regression identified risk factors.

RESULTS:

Among colonised patients, risk factors were immunosuppressive therapy (relative risk ratio 3.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80-6.91), fluoroquinolone exposure (RRR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.08-4.84), glycopeptide exposure (RRR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.23-5.39), thrombophlebitis (RRR: 21.25, 95% CI: 5.67-79.58), and peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) presence (RRR: 7.68, 95% CI: 1.39-42.54). Among non-colonised patients, risk factors were days at risk 22-28 (RRR: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.05-12.14), immunosuppressive therapy (RRR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.13-4.97), fluoroquinolone exposure (RRR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.06-4.53), glycopeptide exposure (RRR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.18-5.31), thrombophlebitis (RRR: 20.80, 95% CI: 4.35-99.35), and chronic haemodialysis (RRR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.03-9.16). Most risk factors were similar, but prolonged stay and haemodialysis were unique to non-colonised patients and presence of PICC to colonised patients.

CONCLUSION:

These differences challenge assumptions of uniform risk and support tailored prevention efforts. To mitigate bacteraemia risk, hospitals can reinforce PICC care in colonised patients and implement repeat screening for non-colonised patients and haemodialysis patients with prolonged hospitalisation.

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