This study investigates the toxic effects of microplastics by assessing bioaccumulation, hematological parameters, and antioxidant responses in juvenile Korean bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) exposed to polyamide microplastics (PA-MPs). The increasing release of plastics into aquatic environments leads to their degradation into microplastics, which pose a significant threat to freshwater ecosystems. To evaluate these impacts, P. fulvidraco (mean length: 16.3 ± 1.1 cm, mean weight: 38.2 ± 6.6 g) were exposed to waterborne PA-MPs (white, spherical particles) at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 5000 and 10,000 mg/L for 96 h. Bioaccumulation analysis revealed that PA-MPs primarily accumulated in the intestine, followed by the gills and liver. Hematological assessments showed significant reductions in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels at high PA-MP concentrations (5000 and 10,000 mg/L). Plasma biochemical analysis indicated significant alterations in calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, AST, ALT and ALP levels. In terms of antioxidant responses, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased significantly with PA-MP exposure, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed a marked decrease. These findings suggest that PA-MP exposure leads to bioaccumulation in key tissues and induces physiological stress in P. fulvidraco by altering hematological and antioxidant defense mechanisms, highlighting the potential toxicity of microplastics in freshwater fish.

2024-11-01·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Deciphering the role of nonylphenol adsorption in soil by microplastics with different polarities and ageing processes

Article

作者: Du, Linzhu ; Wang, Binyu ; Guo, Wei ; Gao, Yue ; Zhang, Xinyou ; Zhao, Xu ; Xia, Jiang ; Wu, Zhihao ; Li, Jun ; Wang, Shuhang ; Yue, Junhui

In the soil environment, microplastics (MPs) commonly coexist with organic pollutants such as nonylphenol (NP), affecting the migration of NP through adsorption/desorption. However, few studies have focused on the interaction between NP and MPs in soil, especially for MPs of different types and ageing characteristics. In this study, non-polar polypropylene (PP) and polar polyamide (PA) MPs were aged either photochemically (144 h) or within soil (60 days), then used to determine the effect of 5 % MPs on the adsorption behaviour of NP (0.1-4.0 mg/L) in soil. Results showed that both ageing processes significantly promoted the conversion of -CH₃ groups to C-O and CO on the surface of PPMPs, while PAMPs exhibited amide groups changes and a reduction in average particle size due to ageing. Additionally, both ageing processes promoted the adsorption of NP by soil containing PPMPs, due to an increase in oxygen-containing functional groups and specific surface area. In contrast, the NP adsorption capacity of soil containing PAMPs decreased by 15.4 % following photochemical ageing due to hydrolysis of amide groups, but increased by 21.15 % after soil ageing due to reorganization of amide groups, respectively. The soil-PAMPs systems exhibited a stronger affinity for NP compared to the soil-PPMPs systems, which was primarily attributed to the dominant role of hydrogen bonding. NP was found to be distributed mainly on soil particles in the soil-PPMPs systems, while it tended to be adsorbed by MPs in the soil-PAMPs systems, especially in the soil aged MPs system. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex effects of MPs on coexisting pollutants in soil environments, highlighting the effect of MP characteristics on the adsorption of organic pollutants, which is essential for understanding the transport behaviour of organic pollutants.

2024-03-05·ACS Omega

Neutralizing Staphylococcus aureus PAMPs that Trigger Cytokine Release from THP-1 Monocytes

Article

作者: Heydarian, Neda ; Peng, Zongkai ; Rice, Charles V. ; Wozniak, Karen L. ; Nguyen, Tra D. ; Nair, Ayesha S. ; Best, William ; Roedl, Chase ; Ferrell, Maya

Innate immunity has considerable specificity and can discriminate between individual species of microbes. In this regard, pathogens are "seen" as dangerous to the host and elicit an inflammatory response capable of destroying the microbes. This immune discrimination is achieved by toll-like receptors on host cells recognizing pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and microbe-specific pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules, such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA). PAMPs impede wound healing by lengthening the inflammatory phase of healing and contributing to the development of chronic wounds. Preventing PAMPs from triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines will counteract the dysregulation of inflammation. Here, we use ELISA to evaluate the use of cationic molecules branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), PEGylated BPEI (PEG-BPEI), and polymyxin-B to neutralize anionic LTA and lower levels of TNF-α cytokine release from human THP-1 monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional data collected with qPCR shows that BPEI and PEG-BPEI reduce the expression profile of the TNF-α gene. Similar effects are observed for the neutralization of whole-cell S. aureus bacteria. In vitro cytotoxicity data demonstrate that PEGylation lowers the toxicity of PEG-BPEI (IC₅₀ = 2661 μm) compared to BPEI (IC₅₀ = 853 μM) and that both compounds are orders of magnitude less toxic than the cationic antibiotic polymyxin-B (IC₅₀ = 79 μM). Additionally, the LTA neutralization ability of polymyxin-B is less effective than BPEI or PEG-BPEI. These properties of BPEI and PEG-BPEI expand their utility beyond disabling antibiotic resistance mechanisms and disrupting S. aureus biofilms, providing additional justification for developing these agents as wound healing therapeutics. The multiple mechanisms of action for BPEI and PEG-BPEI are superior to current wound treatment strategies that have a single modality.

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
流感病毒感染	药物发现	保加利亚	Bulgarian Academy of the Sciences	-
麻疹	药物发现	保加利亚	Bulgarian Academy of the Sciences	-
呼吸道合胞体病毒感染	药物发现	保加利亚	Bulgarian Academy of the Sciences	-