Neurodegenerative diseases are regarded as gradual, incurable conditions with an
insidious onset. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are two of the most
prevalent neurodegenerative diseases reported globally. Developing effective treatment strategies
for neurodegenerative diseases has remained a primary objective and a huge challenge for
researchers. The therapeutic medications that are now approved for the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases merely treat the symptoms; the underlying pathology is not addressed.
Therefore, the emergence of novel disease-modifying therapeutic modalities such as immunotherapy
has opened a new path in developing effective treatments for neurogenerative diseases.
Compared to other types of subunit active vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs) are considerably
more immunogenic as they present dense and repetitive viral antigen epitopes on their surface,
which can trigger both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. They are also a much safer
option than the traditional inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines since they are devoid of
viral genomes and are, therefore, non-pathogenic and non-infectious. Researchers have turned
their attention to VLPs as an active immunotherapy candidate for AD due to the lessons learned
from the AN1792 trial. Studies have shown that they effectively induce anti-Aβ, anti-tau, and
anti-α-synuclein antibodies while avoiding T-cell-related immune reactions in animal models of
AD and PD. This review compiles the findings of preclinical animal model studies and clinical
investigations on VLP-based vaccines for neurogenerative diseases thus far. The technical limitations
and potential difficulties associated with the future application of VLP-based vaccines in
patients with neurodegenerative diseases have also been covered.