Magnesium chloride

Scientists have created a new material, dubbed 'StarCrete' which is made from extra-terrestrial dust, potato starch, and a pinch of salt and could be used to build homes on Mars. Manchester scientists have created a new material, dubbed 'StarCrete' which is made from extra-terrestrial dust, potato starch, and a pinch of salt and could be used to build homes on Mars. Building infrastructure in space is currently prohibitively expensive and difficult to achieve. Future space construction will need to rely on simple materials that are easily available to astronauts, StarCrete offers one possible solution. The scientists behind the invention used simulated Martian soil mixed with potato starch and a pinch of salt to create the material that is twice as strong as ordinary concrete and is perfectly suited for construction work in extra-terrestrial environments. In an article published in the journal Open Engineering [EB1] , the research team demonstrated that ordinary potato starch can act as a binder when mixed with simulated Mars dust to produce a concrete-like material. When tested, StarCrete had a compressive strength of 72 Megapascals (MPa), which is over twice as strong as the 32 MPa seen in ordinary concrete. Starcrete made from moon dust was even stronger at over 91 MPa. This work improves on previous work from the same team where they used astronauts' blood and urine as a binding agent. While the resulting material had a compressive strength of around 40 MPa, which is better than normal concrete, the process had the drawback of requiring blood on a regular basis. When operating in an environment as hostile as space, this option was seen as less feasible than using potato starch. "Since we will be producing starch as food for astronauts, it made sense to look at that as a binding agent rather than human blood. Also, current building technologies still need many years of development and require considerable energy and additional heavy processing equipment which all adds cost and complexity to a mission. StarCrete doesn't need any of this and so it simplifies the mission and makes it cheaper and more feasible. "And anyway, astronauts probably don't want to be living in houses made from scabs and urine!" Dr Aled Roberts, Research Fellow at the Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, and lead researcher for this project. The team calculate that a sack (25 Kg) of dehydrated potatoes (crisps) contain enough starch to produce almost half a tonne of StarCrete, which is equivalent to over 213 brick's worth of material. For comparison, a 3-bedroom house takes roughly 7,500 bricks to build. Additionally, they discovered that a common salt, magnesium chloride, obtainable from the Martian surface or from the tears of astronauts, significantly improved the strength of StarCrete. The next stages of this project are to translate StarCrete from the lab to application. Dr Roberts and his team have recently launched a start-up company, DeakinBio, which is exploring ways to improve StarCrete so that it could also be used in a terrestrial setting. If used on earth, StarCrete could offer a greener alternative to traditional concrete. Cement and concrete account for about 8% of global CO2 emissions as the process by which they are made requires very high firing temperatures and amounts of energy. StarCrete, on the other hand, can be made in an ordinary oven or microwave at normal 'home baking' temperatures, therefore offering reduced energy costs for production.

汇宇制药专注于抗肿瘤领域药物和复杂注射剂药物的研发与生产，截至2022年中，公司已有10个肿瘤领域产品，2个其他领域产品过评上市；18个产优质仿制药冲刺上市；在研项目近100个，创新药在研项目合计11个，并且计划每年10-20个品种报产，业务管线及产品百花齐放的态势已逐步呈现。01今年4个获批新品，累计过评上市12个优质药品在2018年的第一批“4+7”城市带量采购试点中，汇宇制药的注射用培美曲塞二钠中标，这家公司从此为业界熟悉，并进入发展的快车道，但以“创新为主”的国际化综合制药企业为目标的汇宇制药没有止步于此。公司在不断加码创新药研发的同时，在仿制药研发及报产上也做得风生水起，今年汇宇制药已拿下4个优质高端仿制药上市批准。表一：2022年汇宇制药国内获批上市新品来源：米内网MED2.0中国药品审评数据库汇宇制药的普乐沙福注射液为英国首仿，今年6月在中国获得一致性评价通过，是汇宇又一款中欧共线产品，即同一生产线产品同时供欧洲出口和国内销售。普乐沙福注射液，作为适用于非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的自体造血干细胞移植动员剂，在 2008 年于美国首次获批上市，后因疗效卓越而在全球 50 多个国家或地区使用。2018年我国批准进口，已成为临床治疗的重要药物，受到国内外指南与共识的一致推荐，自体移植在中国目前还未大面积开展，普乐沙福存在较大的增长空间。值得一提的是，除了普乐沙福注射液、注射用硼替佐米2个抗肿瘤领域制剂以外，公司首次新增2个神经系统管线品种上市，汇宇制药深耕高端注射剂市场，多管线品种的上市，让公司仿药制业务渐成百花齐放状态。 截至目前，汇宇制药在国内上市的肿瘤领域优质仿制化药 10 个，其他领域 2 个，全部为视同通过一致性评价产品，其中多个品种为首家或前三家过评。表二：截至目前，汇宇上市仿制药据悉，丙戊酸钠注射剂、普乐沙福注射剂，已经满足了集采的条件，汇宇制药在前几轮集采竞标中都取得不错的成绩，即将到来的第八批集采，若能顺利入选，势必将会带来新一轮的增长。0218个在审产品冲刺上市，第二增长曲线不容小觑汇宇制药此前披露公司一直都在优质仿制药生产批件的申报进程中，目标是每年10-20个品种的报产速度。从CDE官网披露情况看，公司目前已经申请的优质仿制药共18个，涵盖抗肿瘤和免疫调节剂、肌肉-骨骼系统、心脑血管系统药物等多个治疗大类，是多管线品种同步冲刺上市。表三：目前汇宇制药注册在审仿制药从表中可以看出来，汇宇制药在研发品种选择上，都是一些高端产品，具有一定的研发壁垒，目前待批产品，即使在通用名下相同产品名称的前提下，2021年城市公立医院年销售额超过百亿元，市场容量具有较大想象空间。这么看来，汇宇制药营收的第二增长曲线指日可待，实力不容小觑。比如，2022年9月公司的吗啉硝唑氯化钠注射液以仿制4类报产，有望拿下该产品首仿。吗啉硝唑属于第三代硝基咪唑类抗菌药物，对厌氧菌有较强的抗菌作用，得到临床广泛应用。米内网数据显示，2021年中国公立医院吗啉硝唑氯化钠注射液销售额近5亿元。表四：中国公立医院吗啉硝唑氯化钠注射液销售情况值得一提的是，2022年3月汇宇制药提交硫代硫酸钠注射液3类仿制上市申请，这是公司今年首个报产的产品。硫代硫酸钠注射液为国家短缺药品清单品种，目前仅有3家企业获得批文，暂未有企业过评。汇宇制药也是目前首家按照一致性评价新分类标准提交硫代硫酸钠申报的企业。硫代硫酸钠，适用于氰化物、砷、汞、铅、铋、碘等中毒治疗。虽然市场体量不大，但自从准入短缺目录后，在国内的销售额快速猛涨。米内网数据显示，2016年中国公立医疗机构终端硫代硫酸钠销售额仅1千万元，但却在2021年顺利突破1亿元大关，市场增长空间不容小觑，汇宇制药若能拔得首仿头筹，势必在该品种的上获得先发优势。表五：中国公立医院硫代硫酸钠注射液销售情况  来源：米内网克拉屈滨注射液、乙酰半胱氨酸注射液，两个产品同样是首家进行一致性评价（新分类）申报的企业，克拉屈滨注射液，主要用于经干扰素治疗失败后活动性的伴有临床意义的贫血、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少以及疾病相关症状的毛细胞白血病(HCL)治疗。乙酰半胱氨酸注射液，主要用于在综合治疗基础上用于肝衰竭早期治疗，以降低胆红素、提高凝血酶原活动度。根据米内网数据显示，2021年公立医院销售额分别为6490万元、90791万元。表六：中国公立医院乙酰半胱氨酸注射液销售情况  来源：米内网03加码研发，聚焦创新，全面保障产品新布局与营收新拐点2022年上半年，汇宇制药累计研发投入达到1.71亿元，同比增加55.53%。此外，研发投入占营业收入的比重从12.40%提高到20.49%，同比增加了8.09个百分点。2022年中报披露，公司研发人员共计664人，同比增长27.7％，其中创新药团队牵头人均来自全球顶尖学府或科研机构，且在创新药领域具有丰富经验。截至2022年中，汇宇制药在研项目近100个，涵盖了原料药、抗肿瘤注射剂、肿瘤辅助用药、造影剂、血液病、心血管用药等项目，公司创新药新增立项2个，创新药在研项目合计11个，其中6个为小分子药物，5个为生物创新药；改良新药项目2个。从研发进展看，10个1类新药基本都找到了较好的潜在候选药物，其中HY-0003有望在2022年底申报临床，HY-0002有望在2023年初申报临床。汇宇制药预计，2022年将有约5个1类新药推进至PCC（临床前候选化合物）阶段，力争1-2个1类新药申报临床。对于创新药未来的战略布局，汇宇制药计划每年新增2-3个创新药研发项目。据了解，汇宇制药的创新药业务将于年底迎来关键性结点，这也将是这家走“以仿养创”、“以仿促创”的公司，向“创新为主”发展的道路上一个新的里程碑。汇宇制药作为一家从集采中“爆发”的企业被大家熟知，但集采给中选企业带来的市场获利并不局限于此。带量采购其实是锁定临床需求量的采购，赋予了中标药企以最低成本连接医生的通路；集采不会阻碍创新，反而会促进创新；基于中国独有的国情，给国内药企提供了海量规模+创新的双轮驱动的发展模式，这市场机遇前所未有且百年难遇。从汇宇制药目前的产品布局上来看，公司也的确是顺应了这种趋势，在创新药研发上，招兵买马组建优质团队，全面加码研发投入，提速换挡，迎接创新药的时代；在仿制药上布局高端仿制药的申报，多线品种如雨后春笋般层出不穷，护航企业的基本盘。那么汇宇制药是否能成为从集采中成长起来的代表性创新企业，我们拭目以待！