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Nanosuspension has emerged as an effective, lucrative, and unequalled approach for efficiently elevating the dissolution and bioavailability of aqueous soluble drugs. Diverse challenges persist within this domain, demanding further comprehensive investigation and exploration.

This study aims to design, develop, optimise formulation and process variables, and characterise the stabilised aqueous dissolvable nanosuspension using chlorthalidone as a BCS class- IV drug.

Nanosuspensions of the chlorthalidone drug were prepared using a combination of topdown and bottom-up approaches. Various polymers such as Pluronic L-64, F-68, F-127, and Synperonic F-108 were used as stabilisers in this research. All important processes and formulation variables, such as ultrasonication intensity and time, the concentration of the drug, organic solvent, and stabilisers that may critically influence the characteristics of the nanosuspensions, were optimised. Formulation screening was performed using the optimisation of process and formulation variables, and the optimised nanosuspension formulation was assessed for particle size, PDI, surface charge, morphology, in vitro drug release, and stability.

To select an optimised nanosuspension formulation, the effects of formulation and process variables were investigated. These variables critically influence the development of a stabilised nanosuspension. The outcomes revealed that the nanosuspension formulation containing pluronic F- 68 as a stabiliser in 0.6% w/v concentration and the drug in 4 mg/ml concentration were optimized. The particle size and zeta potential of the optimised preparation were 110 nm and -27.5 mV, respectively. The in-vitro drug release of chlorthalidone drug from the optimised nanoformulation was increased up to 3-fold, approximately (88% in 90 min) compared with pure chlorthalidone drug (27% in 90 min) because of the decrease in particle size. Moreover, stability studies indicated that the crafted nanoformulation was stable at cold (4℃) as well as normal room temperature (25℃) for six months.

From the obtained results, it was concluded that the combination of top-down and bottom- up approaches employed for the fabrication of oral nanosuspension is a remunerative and lucrative approach to successfully resolve the perplexities associated with the dissolution rate of poorly aqueous soluble BCS class-IV drug moieties such as chlorthalidone.

Phytosomes are innovative lipid-viable complexes that combine phospholipids with standardized plant extracts or phytoconstituents to enhance absorption and bioavailability. This research underscores the historical importance of medicinal plants in traditional healing, especially in developing countries, highlighting the global impact of this study. The study explores the complex processes behind phytosome technology, detailing their structure, formation, and biological attributes. Phytosomes offer significant benefits, such as improved bioavailability and absorption rates, which can enhance therapeutic effectiveness. The research also touches on cutting-edge methods for phytosome formulation and evaluation, indicating ongoing advancements in this field. This comprehensive overview serves as a crucial resource, integrating insights into phytosomes and their potential to improve the delivery and efficacy of herbal remedies. Phytosomes represent a modern frontier in herbal medicine, bridging traditional practices with contemporary scientific innovation. By encapsulating plant-derived compounds within phospholipid bilayers, researchers are paving the way for more effective natural therapies. The focus on bioavailability addresses a critical challenge in herbal medicine, where the body's ability to absorb active compounds often limits therapeutic outcomes. The historical context adds depth, emphasizing the enduring relevance of plants in global health practices. Additionally, mentioning novel formulation techniques and evaluation methods suggests a dynamic field rich with possibilities. Phytosomes have the potential to revolutionize herbal medicine, offering a glimpse into a promising approach that could enhance the effectiveness of natural remedies.

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has been recognized to be an essential regulator of cellular processes and gene expression in cancer. The present study covers the various roles of ncRNAs, including circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), that affect cancer properties. Oncogenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance are all processes involving ncRNAs, which have tremendous potential as new therapeutic agents and targets. The review covers the broad spectrum of ncRNAs in cancer biology, including their types and activities, epigenetic control, function in metastasis and angiogenesis, detection and profiling approaches, potential as biomarkers, and therapeutic possibilities. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing and other molecular methods have helped us better understand how ncRNAs work and their potential therapeutic uses. However, there are still challenges to standardizing detection technologies and producing effective RNA-based therapeutics. Therefore, further studies are needed to solve important issues in this sector. Standardization efforts are also essential to developing identical methods for ncRNA collection, quantification, and analysis throughout multiple laboratories and ensuring the findings are reliable and comparable. Large-scale, multi-recentre studies are required to verify the diagnostic usefulness of ncRNA biomarkers across a wide range of patient groups. Also, more detailed mechanistic knowledge is necessary for understanding the particular molecular mechanisms by which ncRNAs affect cancer growth, metastasis, and treatment response. This review highlights the complex relationships between ncRNAs and cancer biology and also focuses on their potential effect on cancer diagnosis and treatment. It also highlights the necessity for more studies to fully understand the therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in cancer. As studies advance, using ncRNA results in clinical practice might change cancer treatment by novel opportunities for specific therapy and personalized medicine.