MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Counsel Health, a virtual healthcare practice focused on message-based care, has launched with $11 million in seed funding in a round led by Andreessen Horowitz ("a16z") Bio + Health. Floodgate Fund, Asymmetric Capital Partners, Pear VC and numerous healthcare startup founders participated in the round. WHAT IT DOES The company offers an AI-enabled asynchronous care platform that provides medical advice from real clinicians to patients via messaging. The service is available 24/7, and patients can use the platform to receive answers to complex medical questions, seek urgent care, obtain second opinions and receive assistance with end-of-life decisions. Senior physicians and engineers from Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, NVIDIA, Mount Sinai, Stanford and the MIT Media Lab founded Counsel Health in 2023. The platform is available in New York, California, Florida, Texas and Massachusetts. The company plans to expand to all 50 states over the next two years. Counsel Health will use the funds to enhance its technology, scale its growth and expand coverage for more users. MARKET SNAPSHOT Numerous digital health companies offer message-based healthcare assistance to patients. Shortly after acquiring the telemedicine company HeyDoctor in 2019, prescription cost savings company GoodRx announced it was launching its virtual care platform GoodRx Care, powered by HeyDoctor. GoodRx Care offers text-based consultations for various health issues, including prescriptions and lab work, which allows patients to chat with doctors anytime. CirrusMD is a startup offering on-demand, text-first telehealth, and 98point6 offers text-based virtual care that uses an AI chatbot to collect and relay health information to a provider, who can then manage care.

MONDAY, July 1, 2024 -- “Smart” prosthetic legs can help amputees achieve a natural walking gait, but it’s done through robotic sensors and algorithms that drive the limb forward at predetermined rates. A better way would be to give people full control over the limb through their nervous system -- and that’s just what an MIT research team says it’s done. An experimental surgical procedure combined with a cutting-edge robotic limb can restore a completely natural walking gait, fully driven by a person’s own nervous system, researchers report in the July 1 issue of the journal Nature Medicine . The procedure reconnects muscles in the residual limb, allowing patients to receive accurate, real-time feedback about the position of their prosthetic limb while walking, researchers explained. Seven patients who had this surgery were able to walk faster, avoid obstacles and climb stairs much more naturally than people with a traditional amputation. “No one has been able to show this level of brain control that produces a natural gait, where the human’s nervous system is controlling the movement, not a robotic control algorithm,” said senior researcher Hugh Herr , co-director of the K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics at MIT. Most arm and leg movement is controlled by pairs of muscles that take turns stretching and contracting, researchers said in background notes. A traditional below-the-knee amputation disrupts the interaction of these paired muscles, making it difficult for the nervous system to track and control movement. As a result, people with that kind of amputation struggle to control a prosthetic leg because they can’t accurately sense where the leg is in space. They must rely on robotic controllers and sensors to establish a walking gait and adjust to slopes and obstacles. To help people achieve full neural control over their prosthetic legs, Herr and his colleagues developed what they call agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) surgery. Instead of simply severing muscle pairs, AMI surgery instead connects the two ends of the muscles. That way they still dynamically communicate with each other inside what’s left of the leg. AMI surgery can be done during an amputation, or during a follow-up procedure after the initial amputation, researchers said. A 2021 study by Herr’s lab found that the muscles of a limb treated with AMI surgery produced electrical signals similar to those emitted by their intact limb. As a next step, the researchers started figuring out a way for those electrical signals to generate commands to a prosthetic limb, and at the same time receive feedback from the limb about its position while walking. That way, an AMI surgery amputee could both control a prosthetic leg and use the feedback to automatically adjust their gait as needed. The new study shows that the sensory feedback does indeed translate into a smooth, near-natural ability to walk and navigate obstacles. In the study, researchers compared seven AMI amputees with seven people who had traditional below-the-knee amputations. All participants used the same type of bionic leg -- a prosthesis with a powered ankle, equipped with electrodes that can receive electrical signals from the major muscle groups of the leg. These signals are fed into a robotic controller that helps the prosthesis calculate how much to bend the ankle, how much torque to apply and how much power to deliver. Researchers tested all of the amputees with level-ground walking, walking up a slope, walking down a ramp, climbing up and down stairs and strolling on a level surface while avoiding obstacles. Those who’d received the AMI amputation surgery were able to walk faster, at about the same rate as people without amputations. They also navigated obstacles more easily and had more natural movement, results show. They were better able to coordinate the movement of their prosthetic limb to that of their natural limb, and could push off the ground with about the same amount of force as someone without an amputation. “The cohort that didn’t have the AMI, they were able to walk, but the prosthetic movements weren’t natural, and their movements were generally slower,” Herr said. in an MIT news release. Interestingly, the improved movement occurred even though the amount of sensory feedback provided by AMI is less than 20% of that normally received by people who still have their full leg, researchers noted. “One of the main findings here is that a small increase in neural feedback from your amputated limb can restore significant bionic neural controllability, to a point where you allow people to directly neurally control the speed of walking, adapt to different terrain and avoid obstacles,” said lead researcher Hyungeun Song , a postdoctoral researcher in MIT’s Media Lab. Herr’s goal is to ultimately “rebuild” human bodies by bonding prostheses to limbs in ways that make them feel natural and normal. “The problem with that long-term approach is that the user would never feel embodied with their prosthesis. They would never view the prosthesis as part of their body, part of self,” Herr said. “The approach we’re taking is trying to comprehensively connect the brain of the human to the electromechanics.” Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.

Researchers devised a machine-learning-based method to investigate how materials behave at their surfaces. The approach could help with developing new compounds or alloys for use as catalysts, semiconductors, or battery components. Designing new compounds or alloys whose surfaces can be used as catalysts in chemical reactions can be a complex process relying heavily on the intuition of experienced chemists. A team of researchers at MIT has devised a new approach using machine learning, that removes the need for intuition and provides more detailed information than conventional methods can practically achieve. For example, applying the new system to a material that has already been studied for 30 years by conventional means, the team found the compound's surface could form two new atomic configurations that had not previously been identified, and that one other configuration seen in previous works is likely unstable. The findings are described this week in the journal Nature Computational Science, in a paper by MIT graduate student Xiaochen Du, professors Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli and Bilge Yildiz, MIT Lincoln Laboratory technical staff member Lin Li, and three others. Surfaces of materials often interact with their surroundings in ways that depend on the exact configuration of atoms at the surface, which can differ depending on which parts of the material's atomic structure are exposed. Think of a layer cake with raisins and nuts in it: Depending on exactly how you cut the cake, different amounts and arrangements of the layers and fruits will be exposed on the edge of your slice. The environment matters as well. The cake's surface will look different if it is soaked in syrup, making it moist and sticky, or if it is put in the oven, crisping and darkening the surface. This is akin to how materials' surfaces respond when immersed in a liquid or exposed to varying temperatures. Methods usually used to characterize material surfaces are static, looking at a particular configuration out of the millions of possibilities. The new method allows an estimate of all the variations, based on just a few first-principles calculations automatically chosen by an iterative machine-learning process, in order to find those materials with the desired properties. In addition, unlike typical present methods, the new system can be extended to provide dynamic information about how the surface properties change over time under operating conditions, for example while a catalyst is actively promoting a chemical reaction, or while a battery electrode is charging or discharging. The researchers' method, which they call an Automatic Surface Reconstruction framework, avoids the need to use hand-picked examples of surfaces to train the neural network used in the simulation. Instead, it starts with a single example of a pristine cut surface, then uses active learning combined with a type of Monte-Carlo algorithm to select sites to sample on that surface, evaluating the results of each example site to guide the selection of the next sites. Using fewer than 5,000 first-principles calculations, out of the millions of possible chemical compositions and configurations, the system can obtain accurate predictions of the surface energies across various chemical or electrical potentials, the team reports. "We are looking at thermodynamics," Du says, "which means that, under different kinds of external conditions such as pressure, temperature, and chemical potential, which can be related to the concentration of a certain element, [we can investigate] what is the most stable structure for the surface?" In principle, determining the thermodynamic properties of a material's surface requires knowing the surface energies across a specific single atomic arrangement and then determining those energies millions of times to encompass all the possible variations and to capture the dynamics of the processes taking place. While it is possible in theory to do this computationally, "it's just not affordable" at a typical laboratory scale, Gómez-Bombarelli says. Researchers have been able to get good results by examining just a few specific cases, but this isn't enough cases to provide a true statistical picture of the dynamic properties involved, he says. Using their method, Du says, "we have new features that allow us to sample the thermodynamics of different compositions and configurations. We also show that we are able to achieve these at a lower cost, with fewer expensive quantum mechanical energy evaluations. And we are also able to do this for harder materials," including three-component materials. "What is traditionally done in the field," he says, "is researchers, based on their intuition and knowledge, will test only a few guess surfaces. But we do comprehensive sampling, and it's done automatically." He says that "we've transformed a process that was once impossible or extremely challenging due to the need for human intuition. Now, we require minimal human input. We simply provide the pristine surface, and our tool handles the rest." That tool, or set of computer algorithms, called AutoSurfRecon, has been made freely available by the researchers so it can be downloaded and used by any researchers in the world to help, for example, in developing new materials for catalysts, such as for the production of "green" hydrogen as an alternative emissions-free fuel, or for new battery or fuel cell components. For example, Gómez-Bombarelli says, in developing catalysts for hydrogen production, "part of the problem is that it's not really understood how their surface is different from their bulk as the catalytic cycle occurs. So, there's this disconnect between what the material looks like when it's being used and what it looks like when it's being prepared before it gets put into action." He adds that "at the end of the day, in catalysis, the entity responsible for the catalyst doing something is a few atoms exposed on the surface, so it really matters a lot what exactly the surface looks like at the moment." Another potential application is in studying the dynamics of chemical reactions used to remove carbon dioxide from the air or from power plant emissions. These reactions often work by using a material that acts as a kind of sponge for absorbing oxygen, so it strips oxygen atoms from the carbon dioxide molecules, leaving behind carbon monoxide, which can be a useful fuel or chemical feedstock. Developing such materials "requires understanding of what the surface does with the oxygens, and how it's structured," Gómez-Bombarelli says. Using their tool, the researchers studied the surface atomic arrangement of the perovskite material strontium titanium oxide, or SrTiO3, which had already been analyzed by others using conventional methods for more than three decades yet was still not fully understood. They discovered two new arrangements of the atoms at its surface that had not been previously reported, and they predict that one arrangement that had been reported is in fact unlikely to occur at all. "This highlights that the method works without intuitions," Gómez-Bombarelli says. "And that's good because sometimes intuition is wrong, and what people have thought was the case turns out not to be." This new tool, he said, will allow researchers to be more exploratory, trying out a broader range of possibilities. Now that their code has been released to the community at large, he says, "we hope that it will be inspiration for very quick improvements" by other users. The team included James Damewood, a PhD student at MIT, Jaclyn Lunger PhD '23, who is now at Flagship Pioneering, and Reisel Millan, a former postdoc who is now with the Institute of Chemical Technology in Spain. The work was supported by the U.S. Air Force, the Department of Defense, and the National Science Foundation.