Nf Gamaleya Institute

New York, June 23, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global COVID-19 Vaccines Industry" - 7 billion doses by 2027, displaying at a CAGR of 4.8% over the analysis period 2020-2025. In terms of value, the global market is projected to reach US$132.3 billion by the year 2025 up from the US$267 million estimated in the year 2020. Vaccine doses for children under 18 years, also analyzed as part of the report, will record a projected 90.5% CAGR over the analysis period. - Annual Doses in the U.S. to Plateau at 491 Million by 2025, While Africa Will Peak at 1.1 Billion Doses - Annual vaccine doses administered in the U.S. will plateau at 491 million doses by 2025 after peaking at 543 million doses in the year 2023. The country will record 2.1% CAGR for the period 2020 through 2025. China and Rest of Latin America will recorded the highest growth of 8.1% and 8.7% respectively over the said analysis period. Africa will remain the last region to catch up with the vaccine race. With just 823 million annual doses in 2021, the region is projected to record over 1.1 billion annual doses by the year 2025. In terms of value, annual vaccine doses in the U.S. is estimated at US$16 billion in year 2021, while Africa at the other end of scale weighs in at just US$5 billion for the same year. India, the new epicenter of the global pandemic will record the highest annual vaccine doses of 2.2 billion only in the year 2023.Vaccines Doses for Under 18 Years to Record 90.5% CAGR - Global annual vaccines doses for children under 18 years estimated at 296.6 million doses in the year 2021, will reach a projected 3.5 billion doses by the year 2025, trailing a 90.5% CAGR. Regions with a large base of young population will witness the fastest growth. Middle East, Africa and Asia are all forecast to grow at 120.5%, 145.1% and 96.7% CAGR respectively. In China and India annual doses administered in this demographic cluster will increase from 109 million doses in 2021 to peak at 1.3 billion doses by the year 2025.Select Competitors (Total 335 Featured) Read the full report: CONTENTS I. METHODOLOGY II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. COVID-19 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT - A GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW The Race Between the Virus & Vaccines Intensifies. Amidst this Chaotic Battle, Where Is The World Economy Headed in 2021? EXHIBIT 1: How Fast the World is Vaccinated Will Determine How Soon the Pandemic Will End: Global Number of Annual COVID-19 Vaccine Doses (In Million) for Years 2020 through 2025 by Geographic Region/Country - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific (India and Rest of Asia-Pacific), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America), Middle East, and Africa Markets EXHIBIT 2: World 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Million Doses for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 EXHIBIT 3: World Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific (India and Rest of Asia-Pacific), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America), Middle East, and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Doses in US$ Million for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 4: World 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 Increased Hospital Admissions and Deaths Characterize Second and Third Wave EXHIBIT 5: Daily New Confirmed Cases (Per Million) by Select Country EXHIBIT 6: COVID-19 Cases Worldwide by Country: As on May 17, 2021 EXHIBIT 7: COVID-19 Cases in the US by State: As on May 17, 2021 With IMF?s Upward Revision of Global GDP Forecasts for 2021, Most Companies Are Bullish about a Global Economic Comeback. EXHIBIT 8: World Economic Growth Projections (Real GDP, Annual % Change) for 2020 through 2022 Unprecedented Crisis Prompts Biden Administration to Support Efforts to Waive Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines EU Joins US in Quest to Waive COVID-19 Vaccine Patent Protections 2. SECOND AND THIRD COVID-19 WAVES ENGULF VARIOUS REGIONS ASIA-PACIFIC Fresh Wave of COVID-19 Spiralling Out of Control in Asia-Pacific India Battles the Lethal Second Wave UNITED STATES Regional Spike in New Cases in US: Is a Fourth Wave of COVID-19 in Near Future EUROPE European Nations Ramp up Restrictions as Third Wave of COVID-19 Envelops Continent Germany Prolongs Lockdown until June, 2021 France: Night Curfew & Regionalized ?Lockdown Lite? 3. SOUTH AFRICAN, INDIAN, AND OTHER COVID-19 VIRUS VARIANTS COVID-19 Virus Can Adapt & Undergo ?Escape Mutation? to Pose Vaccine Challenge Indian Variant of COVID-19 Virus Puts Healthcare System on Brink of Major Collapse Investigating the Virulence Profile of India?s N440K Variant Is South African Variant a Formidable Threat? E484K Mutation Challenges Vaccine Developers Rising Cases in South Africa & Other Countries California Strain Emerges to be more Contagious and Deadly Is COVID-19 Virus Increasingly Resorting to Mutation to Outsmart Vaccines? Mutated COVID-19 Variant Makes Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Rollout to Go Haywire in South Africa Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates Low to Modest Level of Efficacy against South African Variant Pfizer/BioNTech Trailing a Third Covid-19 Shot to Provide Variant Protection Moderna?s Variant-Specific Vaccine Candidate Ready for Clinical Study AstraZeneca Plans to Adapt Covid-19 Vaccine against New Emerging Variants Sinovac Vaccines Against Mutated Variants of Coronavirus to be Produced in 10 Weeks 4. AN OVERVIEW OF COVID-19 VACCINE ROLLOUT EXHIBIT 9: Roll-out Timeline of Select Frontrunners COVID-19 Vaccine Approval Details EXHIBIT 10: Production Capacity by Company for Frontrunners in Millions of Doses for 2021 COVID-19 Vaccine Funding Details Pfizer/BioNTech?s COVID-19 Vaccine Receives World?s First Authorization UK Clinches the First Position in the World to Approve Pfizer?s Vaccine After UK, Pfizer?s Vaccine Gains Approval from the US and EU BioNTech to Scale up Vaccine Production to Fill Supply Gaps and Support Vaccination Efforts in the EU Novartis Inks Agreement with Pfizer-BioNTech to Support Covid- 19 Vaccine Production After Pfizer, Moderna Vaccine Bags Coveted EUA from US FDA Moderna Kick-Starts Inoculation in the US AstraZeneca?s Vaccine - Third Globally to Obtain Approval J&J?s Single Shot Vaccination Resumes After Temporary Suspension Pfizer/BioNTech vs. Moderna vs. AstraZeneca vs. J&J Vaccine A Comparison of Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Johnson & Johnson’s Adenovirus-based COVID-19 Vaccine vis-a-vis Moderna or Pfizer Limitations Russia Commences Mass Vaccination from Mid-December, 2020 Russia?s Sputnik V Receives Approval for People Aged over 60 Chinese Vaccine Development Scenario China Awards Conditional Approval to First COVID-19 Vaccine from Sinopharm WHO Approves China`s Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for Emergency Use Global Production of COVID-19 Vaccine Accelerates as China?s Vaccines Licensed to Overseas Partners Brazilian Authorities Approve Sinovac?s CoronaVac AstraZeneca?s Covishield and Bharat Biotech?s Covaxin Receive Emergency Use Approval in India Sanofi Starts Trials of Second Vaccine after Disappointing Results of the First Vaccine 5. A REVIEW OF VARIOUS VACCINES UNDER CLINICAL TRIALS EXHIBIT 11: COVID-19 VACCINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT EXHIBIT 12: COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates in Human Clinical Trials EXHIBIT 13: Vaccines in Pipeline by Technology EXHIBIT 14: Vaccine Technologies in Pre-Clinical Studies A Look into Other Key Vaccine Frontrunners CanSino Biologics, Inc. (China) CanSinoBIO Claims No Blood Clot Issues from COVID-19 Vaccine CanSino Initiates Phase 3 Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate in Mexico Novavax, Inc. (US) Novavax Experiences Further Approval Delays To Produce Covid-19 Vaccine Novavax Begins Crossover Arms for COVID-19 Vaccine Trials in UK and South Africa Sanofi/GlaxoSmithKline (France/UK) Merck & Co. Merck Discontinues Covid-19 Vaccines Development 6. MARKET CHALLENGES Global Vaccine Shortage Threatens to Slow Immunization Pace Covid-19 Vaccine Reported Side Effects Women Youngsters People with History of Covid-19 Infection New Virus Strains Vaccine Roll Out Vaccine Efficacy and Resistance Supply Challenges Logistics Challenges Distribution Challenges Anti-Vaccine Movement Poses Significant Threat 7. MARKET DYNAMICS COVID-19 Vaccine Approvals Shift All Eyes toward Pre-Order and Distribution Statistics EXHIBIT 15: Select Major COVID-19 Vaccine Doses (In Millions) Contracts by Various Countries for 2020-2021 Mixing Covid-19 Vaccines to Increase Reactogenicity Delivering Vaccines to Developing and Under-developed Countries Emergence of Novel Disease Variants Likely to Spell Need for Booster Shots Long-Haul COVID-19 Holds Potential to Become a Public Health Issue Vaccine Passports - The New Concept for Travel and Premises Access Permission Vaccination Passport Idea 8. VACCINES FOR KIDS Kids: A Key to COVID-19 Mitigation Efforts FDA Approves Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine in Kids aged 12 to 15 Years Age (May, 2021) Moderna Begins Testing its Vaccine on Children Aged Below 12 Years (March, 2021) PMIS Risk among Infected Children Urges Critical Need for COVID-19 Vaccine Oxford University Halts AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Trial on Children over Perceived Safety Concerns EXHIBIT 16: World COVID-19 Vaccines for Under-18 Age Group by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia- Pacific (India and Rest of Asia-Pacific), Latin America: ( Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America), Middle East, and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Doses in Millions for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 17: World COVID-19 Vaccines for Under-18 Age Group by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Million Doses for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific (India and Rest of Asia-Pacific), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America), Middle East, and Africa Markets for Years 2021 & 2025 9. mRNA: A NEW APPROACH TO MEDICINE mRNA Vaccine Marks Dawn of New Era of Vaccines & Medical Therapies COVID-19 Vaccines Thrust RNA Technology for Future Outbreaks RNA Technology: Benefits & Potential for Future Outbreaks Key Challenges mRNA Vaccines Could Vanquish COVID-19 and Cancer Efforts to Target New Application Areas As Serious Candidate, mRNA Technology Warrants Attention from Scientific Community 10. REGIONAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE THE UNITED STATES Market Analysis US FDA Gives Nod to Pfizer and Moderna?s Vaccine Moderna to Supply 100 Million more Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine to the US Government Lonza Announces Plans to Double Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Output in Switzerland US Regulators Give Nod to Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Ages 12 to 15 Federal Health Agencies End Temporary Pause of J&J?s Covid-19 Vaccine Use Positive Safety Review Prompts Walmart to Restart Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccinations Sanofi Joins Hands with Moderna to Produce COVID-19 Vaccines for Global Supply The ?Operation Warp Speed? Program Expedites Vaccine Development EXHIBIT 18: US Government Deals with Vaccine Developers Market Analytics EXHIBIT 19: USA Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in Million Doses for the Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 20: USA Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2025 CANADA Market Analysis Vaccination Gathers Steam Across Canada EXHIBIT 21: Percentage (%) of Population Vaccinated (at least one dose) in Canada by Province/Territory As of May 3, 2021 EXHIBIT 22: Vaccine Distribution in Canada by Vaccine Manufacturer (in ’000s) As of April 29, 2021 COVID-19 Vaccine Deals in Canada Pfizer Plans to Ramp up COVID-19 Vaccine Supply to Canada from May, 2021 Canada Grants Approval to Pfizer?s COVID-19 Shot for Use in Children in 12-15 Years Age Group Market Analytics EXHIBIT 23: Canada Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in Million Doses for the Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 24: Canada Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2025 JAPAN Market Analysis COVID-19 Vaccination Programs in Japan Move Forward at Snail?s Pace Reasons Responsible for Setback Vaccine Timeline & Availability Japan Demands for Vaccine-Related Data People?s Low Trust in Vaccines Japan?s Efforts to Develop Indigenous Vaccines Japan to Step Up COVID-19 Immunization Drive to Cover Geriatric Population Japan Inks Deal with Pfizer to Secure 50 Million Additional Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine Japan Pushes Shipments of Pfizer?s COVID-19 Shots to Vaccinate Elderly Coronavirus Vaccination Drive Timeline in Japan Takeda to Obtain Approval for Moderna?s Vaccine AnGes Fast Tracks COVID-19 Vaccine Development Program for 2021 Rollout Japan Commences Production of AstraZeneca?s Vaccine VLP Therapeutics Plans to Commence Clinical Trials for Low-Dose COVID-19 Vaccine in Japan Market Analytics EXHIBIT 25: Japanese Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in Million Doses for the Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 26: Japanese Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2025 CHINA Market Analysis WHO Recognizes Sinopharm?s COVID-19 Jab as Effective & Safe Chinese Regulator Gives Nod to COVID-19 Vaccine from Sinovac Life Sciences China Approves Sinopharm?s Vaccine BioNTech?s Shot to Become First Western COVID-19 Vaccine to Secure Authorization in China Countries Relying on the Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines Trials Indicate Neutralizing Effect of Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines on South African & UK Variants Market Analytics EXHIBIT 27: Chinese Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in Million Doses for the Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 28: Chinese Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2025 EUROPE EU Urges Nations to Focus on COVID-19 Vaccine Sharing & Export to Beat the Pandemic (May, 2021) COVID-19 Vaccine Drive Gathers Pace in Europe after Initial Glitch EU Approves Pfizer?s Vaccine EU Eyes on Milestone Deal to Get 1.8 Billion Doses of Pfizer- BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine European Agency Makes Changes to Ramp Up Supply & Manufacturing Capacity of Pfizer & Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines BioNTech to Scale up Vaccine Production to Fill Supply Gaps and Support Vaccination Efforts in the EU Europe?s Horizon 2020 EU Demands Delivery of 120 Million COVID-19 Vaccine Doses from AstraZeneca EU?s Assessment Prompts Spain to Restart Use of Oxford- AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Johnson & Johnson to Resume Shipment of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine to Europe Apparent Side-Effects Prompt Denmark to Extend Suspension of Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Market Analysis UNITED KINGDOM Vaccine Passport UK Wins COVID-19 Vaccine Race with Approval of Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Vaccine Distribution Challenges The UK Approves AstraZeneca?s Vaccine Oxford-AstraZeneca?s COVID-19 Vaccine in the form of Nasal Spray, to be Tested Soon (March, 2021) Moderna Modifies Supply Contract with UK to Deliver Additional Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine UK?s Independent Vaccine Deals GSK to Aid Production of Novavax?s COVID-19 Vaccine for Distribution within UK FRANCE France Embarks on Plans to Offer COVID-19 Vaccine Free to Citizens France Suggests mRNA Vaccines for Second Coronavirus Shot After AstraZeneca?s First Shot GERMANY Germany Readies COVID-19 Vaccine Centers Germany Allows the Use of J&J Vaccine Germany Continues to Limits Use of AstraZeneca in under 60s Despite Recommendations from EMA Ruling SPAIN Spain Prioritizes Frontline Healthcare Providers for Immunization Policy Spain to Donate Vaccines to Latin America and Caribbean ITALY Italy Plans to Produce mRNA Vaccines Domestically RUSSIA Gamaleya Institute?s Sputnik V Vaccine Trials Show Promise with 92% Efficacy CanSino Obtains Approval for Phase III Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine in Russia GREECE COVID-19 Vaccine Availability in Greece NORWAY Norway Bans AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Market Analytics EXHIBIT 29: European Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia, and Rest of European Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Doses in Millions for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 30: European 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Million Doses for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia, and Rest of European Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 EXHIBIT 31: European Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia, and Rest of European Markets - Independent Analysis of Sales in US$ Million for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 32: European 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia, and Rest of European Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 ASIA-PACIFIC Market Analysis SinoVac?s Vaccine in Asian Countries INDIA Gasping with Deadly Second Wave of COVID-19, India Plans to Secure 2 Billion Shots Second Wave of Covid-19 in India Attributed to Variants Indian Government Initiates COVID-19 Vaccination Drive India Makes Notable Contribution in Production of Vaccines AstraZeneca?s Covishield Receives Emergency Use Approval in India EXHIBIT 33: Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccine in Priority Group: India Spike in New Cases Coerces India to Briefly Suspend Export of Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Bharat Biotech`s Covaxin Gets Approval Bharat Biotech Seeks Government Financial Backing to Ramp up Production of Covaxin Russia Moves Ahead at Breakneck Speed to Mass Produce Sputnik V Vaccine in India Bharat Biotech & SII on Capacity Expansion Mode Trial Indicates Decent Efficacy of Covaxin against B.1.617 Variant of COVID-19 IIL Partners with Bharat Biotech to Produce Active Drug Substance for Covaxin J&J Vaccine to Be Available in India by Fourth Quarter of 2021 Novavax?s Clinical Trials for Corovax COVID-19 Vaccine in India Holds High Relevance amid Second Wave Dr Reddy`s Rolls out Sputnik V Covid-19 Vaccine in India Delayed Launch of Corovax in India Pfizer Looks Forward to Make its COVID-19 Vaccine Available in India DCGI Approves Phase 2 and 3 Clinical Trials of COVAXIN on Children Aged 2 to 18 Years Moderna, Pfizer Vaccines Less Effective against COVID-19 Mutant Found in India AUSTRALIA Australia to Invest On Novel Coronavirus Vaccines for Wider Region Australia to Buy 20 Million Extra Doses of Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine, Pivoting away from AstraZeneca NEW ZEALAND New Zealand Acquires Ultra-Cold Freezers to Store Pfizer?s COVID-19 Vaccine SOUTH KOREA Fresh COVID-19 Cases Prompt South Korea to Heighten Curbs Johnson & Johnson Inches Closer to Approval for its COVID-19 Vaccine in South Korea INDONESIA Indonesia Negotiates Additional COVID-19 Vaccines from China and GAVI Indonesia Gets First Consignment of COVID-19 Vaccine from China?s Sinovac BANGLADESH Serum Institute of India to Offer 3 Crore Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine to Bangladesh Market Analytics EXHIBIT 34: Asia-Pacific Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Australia, India, New Zealand, and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Doses in Millions for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 35: Asia-Pacific 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Million Doses for Australia, India, New Zealand, and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 EXHIBIT 36: Asia-Pacific Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Australia, India, New Zealand, and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Dollar Sales in US$ Million for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 37: Asia-Pacific 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Australia, India, New Zealand, and Rest of Asia- Pacific Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 THE MIDDLE EAST Market Analysis BAHRAIN Bahrain Becomes the Second Country to Offer Emergency Use Approval to Pfizer?s Vaccine Sinopharm?s Vaccine Doses Reach Bahrain SAUDI ARABIA COVID-19 Vaccine Production in the UAE IRAN Iran Procures Vaccine Doses AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan to Procure COVID-19 Vaccines TURKEY COVID-19 Vaccines in Turkey ISRAEL COVID-19 Vaccines for Israel SYRIA Syria Obtains AstraZeneca Vaccines, the first for the Country Market Analytics EXHIBIT 38: The Middle East Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in Million Doses for the Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 39: The Middle East Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2025 AFRICA Market Analysis SOUTH AFRICA New Virus Variant in South Africa Creates a Challenge South Africa Halts AstraZeneca?s Vaccination Highly Infectious COVID-19 Variant Spurs Countries to Impose Travel Ban from South Africa South Africa: The First Country in Africa to Start Vaccine Clinical Trial WHO Urges African Nations to Prepare for COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout South Africa to Resume J&J Jab Vaccination Aspen to Manufacture Johnson & Johnson?s COVID-19 Vaccine in South Africa China to Deliver Potential COVID-19 Vaccine to Africa for Free CEPI Identifies Biovac Institute as Potential Manufacturer in South Africa EGYPT Market Analytics EXHIBIT 40: African Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in Million Doses for the Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 41: African Current & Future Analysis for COVID-19 Vaccines Market: Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2020 through 2025 LATIN AMERICA Market Analysis Mass COVID-19 Vaccination Campaigns Launched in Latin American Countries BRAZIL Brazil Signs Deal to Buy Additional 100 Million Doses from Pfizer/BioNTech Brazilian Town Serrana Beats COVID-19 with China`s Sinovac Vaccine Brazil, Turkey Announce Vaccination Plans for Chinese Vaccine Brazil to Receive 15 Million Doses of AstraZeneca?s COVID-19 Vaccine GSK to Aid Production of Novavax?s COVID-19 Vaccine for Distribution within UK Brazil Blocks Import of Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccine over Efficacy & Safety Concerns MEXICO Mexico?s Cofepris Approves Emergency Use of Pfizer’s COVID-19 Vaccine ARGENTINA Argentina Secures 22 Million Doses of AstraZeneca?s COVID-19 Vaccine CHILE AND PERU Chile, Peru Approve Clinical Trials for AstraZeneca?s COVID-19 Vaccine Chile Struggles with Escalating Cases of COVID-19 despite Massive Rollout of Vaccine CanSinoBIO Secures Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 Vaccine in Chile URUGUAY Uruguay Aims to Begin COVID-19 Vaccination Drive in April 2021 Market Analytics EXHIBIT 42: Latin American Current & Future Analysis for COVID -19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin American Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Doses in Millions for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 43: Latin American 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Million Doses for Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin American Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 EXHIBIT 44: Latin American Current & Future Analysis for COVID -19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin American Markets - Independent Analysis of Dollar Sales in US$ Million for Years 2020 through 2025 EXHIBIT 45: Latin American 5-Year Perspective for COVID-19 Vaccines by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin American Markets for Years 2020 & 2025 11. VACCINE MANUFACTURING AND PROCUREMENT - A GLOBAL INSIGHT EXHIBIT 46: Funding Deals for COVID-19 Vaccine R&D: 2020 & 2021 Licensing and Partnership Deals Worldwide Propel Vaccine Production EXHIBIT 47: COVID-19 Deals Worldwide - Jan 2020 to May 2021 Reining in Pandemic Necessitates Fair Access to Resources Globally Vaccine Alliances Ensure Supplies for All Amazon On-Site Vaccination Initiative 12. COVID-19 VACCINES LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Vaccine Delivery and Success - The Big Task Ahead The Development and Delivery Challenge Planning Amid Uncertainty The Need for a New Approach Building Cold-chain Storage Infrastructure Hopes Pegged to Universal Vaccines with Enhanced Temperature Stability Asians Add Vantage Handling the Skeptical Consumer Efficient Task Force for Greater Success Rates The Importance of Site Selection Workforce Training Consumer Education Government?s Role in Vaccine Distribution Building Cold Chains Crucial for Vaccine Supplies in Africa, Asia and South America Bracing up Networks to Combat Crisis 13. INITIATIVES FOR EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF VACCINES The Most Extensive Vaccine Program in the History of Mankind Is Upon Us Fair Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccine Nationalism to Hamper Equitable Distribution of Vaccines COVAX Created to Ensure Fair and Universal Access to COVID-19 Vaccine COVAX Inks Additional Deals for Global Rollout of COVID-19 Vaccines African Countries Become Part of the COVAX Facility for Timely Access to Successful Vaccines COVAX Advance Market Commitment (AMC) World Economic Forum to Push COVID-19 Vaccine Production Capability Pushing Manufacturing Capacity to Fulfil Global Demand Technology Transfer and Other Payments 14. KEY VACCINE TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS Inactivated Vaccines Inactivated Vaccine Candidate in Preclinical Development: As on May 14, 2021 Protein-Subunit Vaccines Protein-Subunit Vaccine Candidate in Preclinical Development: As on May 14th, 2021 Non-Replicating Viral-Vector Non-Replicating Viral Vector Vaccine in Preclinical Development: As on May 14th, 2021 Replicating Viral Vector Vaccine Candidate in Preclinical Development: As on May 14th, 2021 Nucleic Acid Vaccines RNA Vaccine Candidate in Preclinical Studies: As on May 14, 2021 DNA Vaccine Candidate in Preclinical Studies: As on May 14, 2021 Replicating Bacteria Vector Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs) Live Attenuated Virus Candidate in Preclinical Studies: As on May 14, 2021 Live Attenuated Bacterial Vector Candidate in Preclinical Studies: As on May 14th, 2021 Virus-like Particle Vaccines Virus-like Particles (VLP) Vaccine Candidate in Preclinical Development: As on May 14th, 2021 15. FOCUS ON THE FRONTRUNNERS Moderna, Inc. (USA) Pfizer Inc./BioNTech (US/Germany) AstraZeneca/University of Oxford (The UK) Johnson & Johnson (USA) CanSino Biologics, Inc. (China) China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Sinopharm) (China) Sinovac Biotech Ltd. (China) Novavax, Inc. (US) Inovio Pharmaceuticals (US) Sanofi/GlaxoSmithKline (France/UK) 16. WORLD COVID-19 VACCINE BRANDS 17. SELECT CORPORATE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COVID-19 MARKET SPACE: 2021 III. COMPETITION Total Companies Profiled: 335Read the full report: ReportlinkerReportLinker is an award-winning market research solution. Reportlinker finds and organizes the latest industry data so you get all the market research you need - instantly, in one place.__________________________

One week after its COVID-19 vaccine stood up to peer review, Russia has applied for a rolling review for authorization of its Sputnik V vaccine in Europe. Russian Direct Investment Fund said the application has been accepted for rolling review and it is now up to the agency to determine the timeline. An interim analysis of Phase III data for the Russian-made vaccine that showed the preventative medicine generated an efficacy of 91.6% against the original strain of the virus. Among older patients above the age of 60, efficacy from Sputnik V was 91.8%. Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine is an adenoviral vector vaccine developed by Moscow’s Gamaleya Institute. The vaccine has been genetically modified to infect cells then make those cells manufacture spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the novel virus that causes COVID-19. Sputnik V uses two different vectors, which the Gamaleya Center said allows for a more effective defense against COVID-19. By deploying two different vectors, Sputnik V avoids a possible neutralizing effect and generates a durable and longer-lasting immune response, the Gamaleya Center said. Elsewhere around the globe: Aurora Science – Italy’s Aurora Science, an investment company, announced the €18.5 million financial support of InteRNA Technologies B.V., a Utrecht-based clinical-stage biotech company specialized in the development of a new generation of miRNA-based products targeting key processes in the initiation and progression of human diseases, with a focus on cancer. The funding will enable the clinical evaluation of the Company’s microRNA lead candidate, INT-1B3, in patients with advanced solid tumors, as well as the further development of other proprietary preclinical drug candidates in its pipeline. Avacta Group – Avacta Group and Mologic, both based in the U.K., entered into partnership to accelerate to market Avacta’s AffiDX SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow rapid antigen test. Avacta will also support antigen testing in low and middle income countries 1 by providing access to Avacta’s spike antigen test through Mologic. The partnership will provide a faster route to market for Avacta’s rapid antigen test and also provides Avacta with additional manufacturing capacity through Mologic. The partnership between Avacta and Mologic also provides a framework agreement for the future development of a pipeline of tests in a range of disease areas. The possibility of combining Avacta’s spike antigen test with Mologic’s nucleocapsid antigen-based technology in a single lateral flow device is already being explored. A hybrid antigen test such as this is expected to be a world first and has the potential to deliver an extremely sensitive lateral flow coronavirus antigen test. Signifier Medical Technologies – London -based Signifier announced eXciteOSA, its daytime intraoral neuromuscular stimulation device for treating mild obstructive sleep apnea and snoring, was cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Signifier’s eXciteOSA is the first device used while awake that is intended to improve tongue muscle function. Used for only 20 minutes per day for a period of six weeks and then twice per week, the therapy is clinically proven to improve the quality of sleep by significantly reducing obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Obstructive sleep apnea and snoring affect one in three people. If untreated, obstructive sleep apnea can lead to multiple complications, including hypertension, heart attack, glaucoma, diabetes, cancer and cognitive and behavioral disorders. TISSIUM – France-based medtech TISSIUM has been named a French Tech 120 company for 2021. French Tech 120 is a growth-stage program by La French Tech, built to provide government-backed support for the 120 fastest growing companies in France. This is the second year in a row that TISSIUM has been selected. In 2021, TISSIUM is expanding its reach to increase its focus internationally, especially in the U.S., and it has recently added to its global leadership team to focus on partnerships and regulatory preparedness as a result. Evolve Biologics – Based in Mississauga, Ontario, Evolve announced it has successfully completed its adult and pediatric Phase III clinical trial of PlasmaCap IG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin or “IVIG). PlasmaCap IG is an investigational IVIG replacement therapy for adult and pediatric patients with primary immune deficiency disease. There were no acute serious bacterial infections, meeting the primary study endpoint. The trial also met all of its secondary efficacy and safety endpoints. More than 98% of the infusions were completed without discontinuation or interruption, and 97% of all treatment-related adverse events reported were mild or moderate. Affibody – Sweden’s Affibody and Netherlands-based Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals announced the FDA cleared its asset izokibep (ABY-035) for a Phase II study Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), a subset of Axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA). The study is a one-year double-blind controlled trial in approximately 300 patients with active Ankylosing Spondylitis. The trial will evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of three different dosage regimens of izokibep as compared to placebo. GENFIT – Based in France, GENFIT announced positive results from a Phase II study of elafibranor in patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) with incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) have been published in the Journal of Hepatology. These data show a clinically relevant improvement on the primary and composite biochemical endpoints, a positive trend on pruritus improvement, while maintaining a favorable tolerability profile, all of which are supportive of the conduct of ELATIVE, a longer term, larger scale pivotal Phase III study to evaluate elafibranor in patients with PBC. Elafibranor was granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA, as well as Orphan Drug designation by the FDA and the European Medicines Agency. Vico Therapeutics – Netherlands-based Vico announced the European Commission granted orphan drug designation for VO659, its investigational antisense oligonucleotide therapy for the treatment of Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA). The orphan designation was based on a positive opinion from the EMA Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP). Vico previously received orphan drug designation for VO659 in Huntington Disease. Vico’s investigational RNA modulating therapy is designed to lower the mutant protein levels causing these neurodegenerative diseases. Optibrium – U.K.-based Optibrium, a developer of software for drug discovery, secured a private equity investment from Kester Capital. The funding will accelerate the development of the business through organic growth and acquisition. Currently, more than 150 organizations worldwide deploy Optibrium’s technology in their research programs, including five of the top ten global pharmaceutical companies. BioNTech – Germany’s BioNTech is boosting manufacturing of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine it co-developed with Pfizer, in its Marburg facility. BioNTech plans to start the manufacturing of the drug substance based on the new manufacturing license granted from Darmstadt Regional Administrative Council for the amended facility in Marburg. BioNTech’s manufacturing facility in Marburg is a GMP-certified manufacturing facility. Immunovia – Sweden-based Immunovia AB announced that its R&D and production departments in Lund, Sweden have been working at full speed to ensure the highest quality reagents and arrays are available for the final blind validation study of IMMray PanCan-d, its early-detection tool for pancreatic cancer. Most Read Today

It was a busy week for clinical trial updates. Here’s a look. COVID-19-Related China’s Clover Biopharmaceuticals terminated its partnership with GlaxoSmithKline to develop a COVID-19 vaccine using GSK’s adjuvant. Clover was testing two vaccine candidates, one with GSK’s adjuvant and the other with an adjuvant from Dynavax, and originally said the one with the GSK product would move to mid-to-late stage clinical trial in December. But they decided to instead initiate Phase II and III trials using the Dynavax adjuvant after taking into account “scale-up manufacturing considerations.” Covaxx announced the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare granted conditional approval to begin a Phase II trial of UB-612, its COVID-19 vaccine candidate. It is a multitope protein/peptide-based vaccine. Abpro Corporation announced results from a Phase I trial of its ABP 300, a human neutralizing antibody against COVID-19 derived from recovered patients. It was conducted in 42 healthy subjects. After it was finished in December 2020, several Phase II/III registrational studies were initiated recently. CalciMedica presented new clinical data from its trial of Auxora in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. In the study, 17 patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were randomized to receive Auxora, a potent and selective small-molecule CRAC channel inhibitor, plus standard of care, and nine patients received only standard of care. The data demonstrated that levels of D-dimer, a key marker of clotting and inflammation, decreased in patients receiving Auxora and SOC but increased in patients receiving SOC alone. Moscow’s Gamaleya Institute published the efficacy results of its Sputnik V vaccine in The Lancet from a Phase III trial. The vaccine demonstrated efficacy of 91.6% against the original viral strain. Although designed for two doses, primary analysis of AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford’s Phase III data for its COVID-19 vaccine found it to have 76% efficacy after the first dose. That protection was maintained to a second dose, with an interval of 12 weeks or more, the efficacy increased to 82%. This is welcome news as drug companies and governments work to manufacture and distribute more vaccines to get as many people vaccinated as possible. However, when the second dose was provided less than six weeks after the initial dose, the efficacy was 54.9%. Vaxart announced preliminary data from its Phase I trial of VXA-COV2-1, its oral COVID-19 vaccine candidate. The data suggests it was generally well-tolerated with immunogenicity against several strains of the virus. However, neutralizing antibodies were not seen in volunteers after a single dose. Biophytis SA plans to begin patient recruitment for most clinical centers in Brazil and the U.S. for Part 2 of its COVA Study of Sarconeos (BIO101) for acute respiratory failure associated with COVID-19. Sarconeos is a small molecule, oral treatment for sarcopenia and respiratory manifestations of COVID-19, as well as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The University of Oxford in the UK, with the National Immunisation Schedule Evaluation Consortium, is planning a trial to evaluate the use of first and second doses of different COVID-19 vaccines. The first dose is viewed as the “prime” vaccination with the follow-up a “booster” shot. The study will begin with a first dose of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine followed by either the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine or another dose of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine. It will also investigate a first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine followed by either the AstraZeneca-Oxford shot or another dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. In addition, there will be two different dosing schedules, four weeks and 12 weeks. Agenus announced positive preliminary data from its Phase I trial of iNKT cell therapy in moderate to severe COVID-19 through its subsidiary, AgenTus Therapeutics. Preliminary data showed that of the four patients dosed to date, three were extubated and released after treatment, and two of them were extubated within 24 hours of dosing. Non-COVID-19-Related Merck released first-time data from the Phase III KEYNOTE-598 trial of Keytruda in combination with Bristol Myers Squibb’s Yervoy (ipilimumab) compared to Keytruda alone as first-line therapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations and whose tumors express PD-L1. Adding Yervoy to the therapy did not improve overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) but did add toxicity to Keytruda monotherapy. Fractyl Laboratories published data from the investigator-initiated INSPIRE trial demonstrating that a majority of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a combination of ReVita DMR and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist were able to discontinue and remain off insulin therapy for 18 months after treatment. All treated patients demonstrated significant improvements in measures of glucose regulation and metabolic health. Revita DMR (duodenal mucosal resurfacing) is a first-in-class intervention designed to reverse insulin resistance and metabolic disease progression. Vaccitech dosed the first patient in HBV002, its Phase Ib/IIa clinical trial of VTP-300 with and without a low-dose anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor in chronic hepatitis B. VTP-300 uses Vaccitech’s ChAdOx1-MVA prime-boost combination to elicit an immune response against HBV. Spark Therapeutics, a Roche company, dosed the first patient in the Phase I/II RESOLUTESM trial of SPK-3006 for late-onset Pompe disease, a rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorder. SPK-3006 is an investigational liver-directed AAV gene therapy. It is designed to deliver a single IV infusion of a modified enzyme, secretable GAA, which is produced by the liver. Circularity Healthcare executed a contract with Professional Educational Research Institute (PERI) in 2020 to begin a new clinical trial of D’Oxyva to prevent amputations and treat human diabetic foot ulcers. D’Oxyva is a painless, noninvasive transdermal delivery system used to improve blood perfusion, tissue oxygenation and wound healing. Applied Therapeutics announced the FDA had lifted the hold and the AT-007 ACTION-Galactosemia Kids pediatric clinical trial will resume immediately. The trial was previously divided into two separate clinical studies, a dose escalation and biomarker study followed by a separate long-term clinical outcomes study. They have now been combined into a single two-part study. AT-007 is a CNS penetrant Aldose Reductase inhibitor to treat Galactosemia. Mustang Bio announced that the FDA had removed the clinical hold on the MB-107 pivotal Phase II trial on January 28. The agency removed the hold on the Investigational New Drug (IND) application after reviewing a comprehensive CMC package submitted by the company in late December 2020. The company plans to initiate the pivotal Phase II trial in newly diagnosed X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) patients. It expects to enroll the first patient in the second quarter of 2021. XSCID is also known as bubble boy syndrome. Immunovant voluntarily paused its ongoing Phase IIb clinical trial of IMVT-1401 in Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). Immunovant reports that they became aware of a physiological signal made up of elevated cholesterol and LDL levels in patients receiving the drug in the ASCEND GO-2 trial. In previous trial of the drug in Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and in healthy patients, cholesterol levels were not measured. “Out of an abundance of caution,” Immunovant decided to voluntarily pause dosing in both TED and in a trial in Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in order to inform everyone involved, in addition to modifying the monitoring program. ASCEND GO-2 is evaluating the drug in TED at different doses, each given weekly for 12 weeks. They found on preliminary, unblinded data from 40 patients through week 12, that mean LDL at week 12 had increased by about 65% in the 680-mg dose group and by about 40% in the 340-mg dose group, but not in the control group. Average HDL and triglyceride levels increased to a much lower degree. No serious cardiovascular events had been reported in IMVT-1401 clinical trials. Bristol Myers Squibb announced positive data from POETYK PSO-2, the second Phase III trial of deucravacitinib for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. The drug was being evaluated against placebo and Amgen’s Otezla (apremilast). The trial hit both co-primary endpoints compared to placebo, with significantly more patients achieving Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75), which is at least a 75% improvement of baseline PASI, and the static Physician’s Global Assessment (sPGA) score of clear or almost clear (sPGA 0/1) after 16 weeks, compared to placebo. The trial also hit multiple key secondary endpoints, including demonstrating that 6 mg deucravacitinib once a day was superior to Otezla in proportion of patients reaching PASI 75 and sPGA 0/1 at Week 16. Deucravacitinib is a once-daily, oral, selective tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor. The drug is designed to inhibit interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23 and Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathways. It binds to the regulatory domain of TYK2, which is structurally distinct from the Janus kinase (JAK) 1, 2 and 3 kinases. Prothena Corporation announced that after discussions with the FDA and further analysis of the data, it is advancing birtamimab into the confirmatory Phase III AFFIRM-AL trial in patients with AL amyloidosis. Birtamimab is a humanized immunoglobulin G1 designed to directly neutralize soluble toxic aggregates and promote clearance of amyloid via phagocytosis. NeurMedix received FDA approval to initiate a pivotal Phase III trial of NE3107 in Alzheimer’s disease. The drug is a 17alpha-ethynyl-androst-5-ene-3,7,17-triol, a small molecule, orally-administered, anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing agent. The trial will be run at about 30 U.S. clinical trial sites in subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. electroCore announced full enrollment for its TR-VENUS study of non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS) for acute treatment of stroke. The study will be conducted at nine major medical centers across Turkey. gammaCore Sapphire is the company’s non-invasive, hand-held medical therapy applied at the neck. Amgen released news of five cancer programs that have either been halted or abandoned. One of the programs was the company’s BCMA BiTE (bispecific T cell engager) program for pavurutamab (AMG 701), which Amgen was developing to replace AMG 420. The company stated, “Enrollment in the Phase I study has been paused while we discuss protocol modifications to optimize safety monitoring and mitigation with the FDA. Currently enrolled patients who are demonstrating benefit may continue to receive investigational product and the Company expects to resume patient enrollment in H1 2021.” BiTE is a class of artificial bispecific monoclonal antibodies. They direct the body’s immune system, specifically the cytotoxic activity of T cells, against cancer cells. They are fusion proteins made up of two single-chain variable fragments of different antibodies. Also paused was AMG 673, a CD33-targeting BiTE for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). They are delaying that program while they determine if AMG 330 would be a better choice. Three other programs were halted altogether. One is AMG 596, abandoned because of reprioritization of their R&D programs. The Phase I trial of AMG 397, an oral MCL-1 inhibitor, was halted to shift to intravenous MCL-1 inhibitor AMG 176, which is being evaluated in a Phase I study for hematologic malignancies. And then Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec)’s Phase III in combination with Merck’s checkpoint inhibitor Keytruda (pembrolizumab) for melanoma—it was halted over futility. Sio Gene Therapies dosed the first patient with infantile Tay-Sachs disease in its Phase I/II trial of AXO-AAV-GM2. The therapy is a gene therapy that aims to restore HexA function by inserting a functional copy of the HEXA and HEXB gene by way of two co-administered AAVrh8 vectors. Intrommune Therapeutics got the go-ahead from the FDA for its INT301, an oral mucosal immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergies. The product is a specially formulated toothpaste to stabilize and deliver allergenic proteins to immunologically active areas of the oral cavity. Reistone Biopharma Co. announced that SHR0302 hit primary and key secondary endpoints in its Phase II AMBER2 clinical trial for moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. SHR0302 is a selective Janus kinase type 1 (JAK1) inhibitor. AstraZeneca reported that its Phase III KESTREL trial of Imfinzi (durvalumab) failed to meet the primary endpoint of improving overall survival (OS) compared to the EXTREME treatment regimen, which was chemotherapy plus cetuximab, a standard of care. The trial is in first-line treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) whose tumors expressed high levels of PD-L1. Imfinzi is a human monoclonal antibody, a checkpoint inhibitor, that binds to PD-L1, blocking the interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 and CD80. Sanofi’s venglustat failed to hit the target in its Phase II trial in Parkinson’s disease. Venglustat is an oral CNS-penetrating glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. The focus was on Parkinson’s with a mutation in the GBA gene, which is seen in up to 10% of patients and associated with early onset and worse outcomes. PTC Therapeutics announced that its Phase II trial of Translarna in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) failed to significantly improve dystrophin expression. The study evaluated 20 ambulatory DMD patients ages 2 through 8 who received the drug. Spero Therapeutics reported that the FDA placed a clinical hold on its Phase IIa trial of SPR720 in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). The hold is a precautionary measure after some animal toxicology results. SPR720 is a novel class of antibacterial agent that targets enzymes essential for bacterial DNA replication. Most Read Today