ABSTRACT
Fungal sexual reproduction is controlled by the mating-type (
MAT
) locus. In contrast to a majority of species in the phylum Basidiomycota that have tetrapolar mating-type systems, the opportunistic human pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
employs a bipolar mating-type system, with two mating types (
a
and α) determined by a single
MAT
locus that is unusually large (~120 kb) and contains more than 20 genes. While several
MAT
genes are associated with mating and sexual development, others control conserved cellular processes (e.g., cargo transport and protein synthesis), of which five (
MYO2
,
PRT1
,
RPL22
,
RPL39
, and
RPO41
) have been hypothesized to be essential. In this study, through genetic analysis involving sporulation of heterozygous diploid deletion mutants, as well as in some cases construction and analyses of conditional expression alleles of these genes, we confirmed that with the exception of
MYO2
, both alleles of the other four
MAT
genes are indeed essential for cell viability. We further showed that while
MYO2
is not essential, its function is critical for infectious spore production, faithful cytokinesis, adaptation for growth at high temperature, and pathogenicity
in vivo
. Our results demonstrate the presence of essential genes in the
MAT
locus that are divergent between cells of opposite mating types. We discuss possible mechanisms to maintain functional alleles of these essential genes in a rapidly evolving genomic region in the context of fungal sexual reproduction and mating-type evolution.
IMPORTANCE
Sexual reproduction is essential for long-term evolutionary success. Fungal cell-type identity is governed by the
MAT
locus, which is typically rapidly evolving and highly divergent between different mating types. In this study, we show that the
a
and α alleles of four genes encoded in the
MAT
locus of the opportunistic human fungal pathogen
C. neoformans
are essential. We demonstrate that a fifth gene,
MYO2
, which had been predicted to be essential, is in fact dispensable for cell viability. However, a functional
MYO2
allele is important for cytokinesis and fungal pathogenicity. Our study highlights the need for careful genetic analyses in determining essential genes, which is complementary to high-throughput approaches. Additionally, the presence of essential genes in the
MAT
locus of
C. neoformans
provides insights into the function, maintenance, and evolution of these fast-evolving genomic regions.