更新于：2024-11-01

ERCC1

更新于：2024-11-01

基本信息

别名

DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1、ERCC excision repair 1, endonuclease non-catalytic subunit、ERCC1

+ [1]

简介

Non-catalytic component of a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease responsible for the 5'-incision during DNA repair. Responsible, in conjunction with SLX4, for the first step in the repair of interstrand cross-links (ICL). Participates in the processing of anaphase bridge-generating DNA structures, which consist in incompletely processed DNA lesions arising during S or G2 phase, and can result in cytokinesis failure. Also required for homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks, in conjunction with SLX4. Not functional in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Not functional in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Not functional in the nucleotide excision repair pathway.

关联

靶点

ERCC1 x ERCC4

作用机制

ERCC1 inhibitors [+1]

在研机构

University of Alberta

原研机构

University of Alberta

在研适应症

肿瘤

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床前

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

XPF/ERCC1 (NERx Biosciences)

靶点

ERCC1 x ERCC4

作用机制

ERCC1 modulators [+1]

在研机构

NERx Biosciences, Inc.

原研机构

NERx Biosciences, Inc.

在研适应症-

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床前

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

100 项与 ERCC1 相关的临床结果

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100 项与 ERCC1 相关的转化医学

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0 项与 ERCC1 相关的专利（医药）

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2,504

项与 ERCC1 相关的文献（医药）

2024-12-01·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Sensing chemical-induced DNA damage using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-deletion yeast-reporter strains

Article

作者: Yamamoto, Kosuke ; Tochikawa, Shintaro ; Matsunobu, Shogo ; Miura, Yuuki ; Hirose, Yuu ; Eki, Toshihiko

AbstractMicroorganism-based genotoxicity assessments are vital for evaluating potential chemical-induced DNA damage. In this study, we developed both chromosomally integrated and single-copy plasmid–based reporter assays in budding yeast using a RNR3 promoter–driven luciferase gene. These assays were designed to compare the response to genotoxic chemicals with a pre-established multicopy plasmid–based assay. Despite exhibiting the lowest luciferase activity, the chromosomally integrated reporter assay showed the highest fold induction (i.e., the ratio of luciferase activity in the presence and absence of the chemical) compared with the established plasmid-based assay. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated mutants with single- or double-gene deletions, affecting major DNA repair pathways or cell permeability. This enabled us to evaluate reporter gene responses to genotoxicants in a single-copy plasmid–based assay. Elevated background activities were observed in several mutants, such as mag1Δ cells, even without exposure to chemicals. However, substantial luciferase induction was detected in single-deletion mutants following exposure to specific chemicals, including mag1Δ, mms2Δ, and rad59Δ cells treated with methyl methanesulfonate; rad59Δ cells exposed to camptothecin; and mms2Δ and rad10Δ cells treated with mitomycin C (MMC) and cisplatin (CDDP). Notably, mms2Δ/rad10Δ cells treated with MMC or CDDP exhibited significantly enhanced luciferase induction compared with the parent single-deletion mutants, suggesting that postreplication and for nucleotide excision repair processes predominantly contribute to repairing DNA crosslinks. Overall, our findings demonstrate the utility of yeast-based reporter assays employing strains with multiple-deletion mutations in DNA repair genes. These assays serve as valuable tools for investigating DNA repair mechanisms and assessing chemical-induced DNA damage.Key points• Responses to genotoxic chemicals were investigated in three types of reporter yeast.• Yeast strains with single- and double-deletions of DNA repair genes were tested.• Two DNA repair pathways predominantly contributed to DNA crosslink repair in yeast.

2024-11-01·Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

USP14 increases the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to cisplatin by mediating the ferroptosis

Article

作者: Lai, Yongping ; Chai, Yong ; Li, Jiayue ; Wang, Nanye ; Pan, Zhenhui ; Jiao, Shoufeng ; Jin, Qifang ; Gan, Qiang ; Liu, Han

AbstractThe aim of this study is to explore the function of USP14 on the sensitivity of retinoblastoma (RB) to cisplatin (DDP) and the underlying mechanism. USP14 was knockdown in Y79 cells by transfecting three siRNAs (si-USP14-1, si-USP14-2, and si-USP14-3), with si-USP14 NC as the negative control. si-USP14-3 was selected by results of Western blotting. The CCK-8 assay was used to detect the IC50 of Y79 cells and the growth curve. The cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and ROS level were measured by flow cytometry. The expression level of P-GP, ERCC1, survivin, GPX4, FTH1, ACSL4, NOX1, COX2, and FASN was determined by the Western blotting assay. CO-IP assay was utilized to evaluate the interaction between USP14 and FASN. The IC50 of DDP in Y79 cells and Y79/DDP cells was 7.83 µM and 24.67 µM, respectively. Compared to control and si-USP14 NC groups, increased apoptotic rate and ROS level, and arrested cell cycle in S phase were observed in USP14-knockdown Y79 cells. Compared to control and si-USP14 NC groups, increased apoptotic rate and arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase were observed in USP14-knockdown Y79/DDP cells. Compared to control, increased ROS level was observed in USP14-knockdown Y79/DDP cells. Compared to the si-USP14 NC groups, extremely downregulated P-GP, ERCC1, survivin, GPX4, FTH1, NOX1, COX2, and FASN were observed in USP14-knockdown Y79 cells or Y79/DDP cells, accompanied by the elevated expression of ACSL4. The interaction between USP14 and FASN was identified according to the result of CO-IP assay. By silencing USP14 in Y79 and Y79/DDP cells, levels of resistance-related proteins (P-GP, ERCC1, and survivin), ferroptosis-related proteins (FTH1 and GPX4), and lipid metabolism-related proteins (NOX1, COX2, and FASN) were dramatically reduced, accompanied by enhanced ROS level, increased apoptosis, and restrained DNA content, indicating that USP14 might suppress the DDP resistance in RB by mediating ferroptosis, which is an important target for treating RB.

2024-09-30·Journal of Research in Health Sciences

Association of ERCC1 Gene Polymorphisms (rs3212986 and rs11615) With the Risk of Lung Cancer in a Population From Southeast Iran

Article

作者: Jafarzaheh, Abdollah ; Yaghoobi, Mohammad Mehdi ; Kalantari Khandani, Behjat ; Masoumi-Ardakani, Yaser ; Khalouei, Ali ; Zangouey, Mohammadreza ; Shahouzehi, Beydolah ; Sedghy, Farnaz ; Khosravi Mashizi, Arezu

Background: Polymorphisms within the excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), an essential component of DNA repair mechanisms, have been associated with various malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3212986 and rs11615 within the ERCC1 gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Study Design: A case-control study. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples of 83 NSCLC patients and 119 healthy individuals. The genetic diversity of SNPs rs3212986 and rs11615 was determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The RFLP results were confirmed through sequencing. Results: The TT genotype of the rs11615 SNP was associated with a higher risk of NSCLC development (odds ratio: 3.900, 95% confidence interval: 0.603, 22.866, P=0.050). Furthermore, the AA genotype of rs3212986 was related to a higher risk of NSCLC development (OR: 2.531, 95% CI: 1.017, 6.300, P=0.046). A significant association was observed between smoking and lung cancer (OR: 3.072, 95% CI: 1.715, 5.503, P<0.001). Moreover, among non-smokers, there was an association between lung cancer risk and the AA (OR: 6.825, 95% CI: 1.722, 27.044, P=0.006) and AC (OR: 2.503, 95% CI: 0.977, 6.412, P=0.056) genotypes of rs3212986. However, no correlation was found between the genotypes of these SNPs and patients’ sensitivity to cisplatin and carboplatin (P ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: The rs11615-related TT genotype and the rs3212986-related AA genotype may be associated with a higher risk of lung cancer development.

项与 ERCC1 相关的新闻（医药）

2024-08-07

·精准药物

北京大学报道胃癌治疗新策略

本文为转化医学网原创，转载请注明出处作者：Jerry 导读：虽然传统上认为ABCC2是一种多药耐药相关蛋白，与较差的预后相关，但之前和其它几项研究表明，胃癌(GC)的情况与此相反。研究人员的目标是探索这一发现的潜在机制。 8月2日，北京大学研究团队在期刊《Clinical And Translational Medicine》上发表了研究论文，题为“ABCC2 induces metabolic vulnerability and cellular ferroptosis via enhanced glutathione efflux in gastric cancer”，本研究中，研究人员发现ABCC2高表达与较好的预后相关，rs717620可通过干扰ETS1和SOX9的结合影响ABCC2的表达。GC细胞系的功能获得和功能丧失实验表明，氨基酸剥夺降低了ABCC2-high GC细胞的增殖，迁移和耐药性。ABCC2导致细胞内氨基酸库减少和细胞能量代谢中断。这种现象是由ABCC2介导的谷胱甘肽（GSH）外排引起的，从而导致氧化还原状态的变化，进而增加细胞对铁死亡的易感性。此外，研究人员还使用了患者来源的器官样组织和肿瘤样细胞群来观察ABCC2对治疗效果的影响。在ABCC2表达较高的异种移植模型中，研究人员观察到限制氨基酸摄入并抑制GPX4活性可导致明显的肿瘤消退。综上，研究结果表明，ABCC2通过介导GC中的GSH外排在氨基酸代谢和铁死亡中发挥重要作用。这一发现强调了联合多个铁死亡靶点作为ABCC2高表达胃癌有前景的治疗策略的潜力。 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ctm2.1754 背景知识 01 胃癌是全球第五大恶性肿瘤，也是癌症相关死亡的第三大原因，2020年全球胃癌新发病例为1 089 103例，死亡人数约为768 793例。胃癌的常用治疗方法包括5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)和铂类药物，这些药物引起的患者反应不同。由于其复杂的动态分子背景，胃癌是一种高度异质性的恶性肿瘤。因此，阐明驱动胃癌进展的分子机制对于开发新的有效治疗策略至关重要。在之前的一项研究中，研究团队在一组接受新辅助化疗的胃癌患者中检测了几个基因的遗传变异，包括MTHFR、DPYD、UMPS、ABCB1、ABCC2、GSTP1、ERCC1和XRCC1。研究人员发现ABCC2-24C > T (rs717620)基因型与化疗效果和患者结局相关。其与胃癌的相关性及机制有待进一步明确。 ABCC2是ATP结合盒亚家族C的成员，发挥外排转运蛋白的作用，转运葡萄糖醛酸盐、硫酸盐和谷胱甘肽等阴离子型药物偶联物。它还促进了抗癌药物的运输，包括顺铂、长春花碱和喜树碱衍生物。多项研究证实，ABCC2的过表达使肿瘤细胞获得多药耐药。然而，最近的研究表明，ABCC2与接受FOLFOX-4治疗的结肠癌患者的无病生存率增加相关。ABCC2在结直肠癌细胞中的表达增加已被证明可增强对奥沙利铂治疗的反应。这一发现提示ABCC2可能在肿瘤进展中通过替代途径发挥抗癌药物的作用，而不仅仅是在胃癌的多药耐药中发挥作用。谷胱甘肽(GSH)作为ABCC2的底物，是哺乳动物细胞中主要的抗氧化剂，也是GPX4的首选底物。GSH耗竭直接影响GPX4活性和稳定性，使细胞更容易发生铁死亡，铁死亡是一种独特的调节性细胞死亡形式，其特征是代谢功能障碍导致的广泛脂质过氧化。许多氨基酸代谢途径最近被发现与铁死亡相关。例如，促进三羧酸(TCA)循环的谷氨酰胺分解与氨基酸饥饿引发的坏死性细胞死亡有关，最终导致铁死亡。虽然ABCC2在GSH从肝细胞外排至胆管中起重要作用，但其在胃癌谷胱甘肽代谢和铁死亡中的作用尚不清楚。饥饿导致的谷胱甘肽水平降低可诱发铁死亡 02 通过对TCGA数据进行相关性分析，研究人员发现铁死亡基因特征与ABCC2存在相关性。此外，来自ABCC2敲除细胞系和ABCC2低表达组织样本的RNA测序结果显著富集了铁死亡通路。研究人员使用liperfluo检测不同细胞系的过氧化脂质(LPO)。在ABCC2高表达细胞株中观察到LPO的积累，而在低表达细胞株中未观察到LPO的积累。透射电镜证实了铁死亡细胞的发生。研究还证实ABCC2促进营养剥夺诱导的铁死亡。蛋白质免疫印迹检测不同营养条件下胃癌细胞株中ABCC2表达与SLC7A11和GPX4的相关性。在正常营养条件下，ABCC2的表达对SLC7A11和GPX4的水平无显著影响。然而，在氨基酸剥夺条件下，ABCC2的高表达导致GPX4的水平显著降低，但不影响SLC7A11的表达。将不同水平ABCC2表达的细胞系暴露于铁死亡诱剂RSL3和抑制剂(ferrostatin-1)，以评估其对铁死亡的易感性。与ABCC2高表达细胞株相比，RSL低表达细胞株的细胞内脂质过氧化物水平降低(p < 0.05)。Ferrostatin-1显著提高了ABCC2过表达细胞株的生存，表明铁死亡在其死亡中起作用。结果表明，ABCC2表达水平影响胃癌细胞对铁死亡的易感性。 Liperfluo检测在营养剥夺条件下模拟肿瘤微环境条件下细胞内脂质过氧化变化 ABCC2与RSL3协同诱导体内铁死亡 03 为了进一步验证ABCC2在人胃癌中的作用，研究人员使用胃癌肿瘤组织建立了患者来源的类器官(PDO)模型，并用RSL3处理这些类器官并评估其生长情况。PDOs的生长速度表明，与ABCC2高表达的类器官相比，RSL3更有效地抑制了ABCC2低表达的类器官的活力。此外，Fer-1可有效提高ABCC2高表达类器官的活力。同时，研究人员使用患者来源的肿瘤样细胞簇(ptc)来模拟ABCC2 24C > t的临床相关性。手术切除后立即收集的PTC可以更好地模拟肿瘤微环境并保留原始肿瘤的基因型和表型，为化疗结果提供准确的预测。研究人员观察到具有ABCC2 24C > T的PTC对奥沙利铂和伊立替康的耐药性显著降低, 在其他化疗药物中观察到类似的趋势。基于上述体外研究结果，研究人员通过皮下注射7901 vector细胞和7901 ABCC-KO细胞建立了NOD-SCID小鼠异种胃移植模型。在正常条件下，7901 ABCC-KO组的肿瘤重量和大小与对照组无显著差异。此外，研究结果表明，在饥饿条件下，SGC-7901 ABCC-KO组与对照组相比，肿瘤重量和大小显著增加。与ABCC2敲除组相比，经RSL3处理的ABCC2高表达组的肿瘤大小和质量显著降低。另外，ABCC2高表达的对照组中GSH水平显著降低，而MDA水平相应显著升高，支持ABCC2在胃癌细胞铁死亡中的关键作用。这些发现进一步证实了ABCC2在胃癌中的肿瘤抑制活性，并提示其作为胃癌预测生物标志物的潜力。研究小结 04 在本研究中，研究人员进行了基于多队列的综合分析，以阐明ABCC2可以通过谷胱甘肽外排导致AA代谢紊乱，介导脂质过氧化的诱导，最终导致铁死亡的GC细胞。本研究强调了多个铁死亡靶点的联合治疗ABCC2水平升高的胃癌的潜力，这有可能揭示胃癌的发病机制，并有助于开发新的治疗策略。参考资料： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ctm2.1754 声明：发表/转载本文仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，并不意味着代表本公众号观点或证实其内容的真实性。据此内容作出的任何判断，后果自负。若有侵权，告知必删！长按关注本公众号粉丝群/投稿/授权/广告等请联系公众号助手觉得本文好看，请点这里↓

2024-05-16

·BioSpace

Angle PLC Announces Study of Ovarian Cancer CTCs Using Parsortix

INDEPENDENT STUDY OF OVARIAN CANCER CTCS HARVESTED BY THE PARSORTIX SYSTEM HIGHLIGHTS POTENTIAL TO PREDICT PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL FOR DRUG TRIALS The study investigated 123 metastatic ovarian cancer patients over two and a half years using the Parsortix system to assess 474 longitudinal patient samples Downstream qPCR molecular analysis of the Parsortix harvest for ESR1 and ERCC1 genes may be an early predictor of progression free survival and cancer progression respectively GUILDFORD, SURREY / ACCESSWIRE / May 16, 2024 / ANGLE plc ("the Company") (AIM:AGL)(OTCQX:ANPCY), a world-leading liquid biopsy company with innovative circulating tumour cell (CTC) solutions for use in research, drug development and clinical oncology, is delighted to announce the publication of a study using the Parsortix® system to identify markers present in CTCs harvested from metastatic mutant-p53 platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC) patients. The study was conducted as an offshoot of the European multi-centre GANNET53 Phase II clinical trial (NCT02012192) funded by the EU 7th Framework Programme (Grant agreement ID: 602602). The study investigated the efficacy of ganetespib in combination with paclitaxel vs. paclitaxel alone. Patients were enrolled across 12 clinical centres in Germany, Belgium, France, and Austria. The translational study, which the research team believes is the largest study of CTCs in ovarian cancer (in terms of number of patient samples analysed), was conducted by researchers at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. The study analysed a total of 474 blood samples collected from 123 PROC patients at baseline (i.e. prior to first administration of study drugs), and at multiple timepoints over a period of two and a half years during treatment until disease progression. A panel of 27 gene transcripts (RNA) was analysed on Parsortix-harvested CTCs using standard laboratory qPCR analysis. The authors identified two CTC-associated markers with potential prognostic value. ERCC1, a key gene of the DNA damage response pathway, was associated with an increased risk of disease progression and worse outcomes, whereas the presence of ESR1, a gene encoding oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), was associated with a reduced progression risk. The presence of ESR1 transcripts together with concurrent absence of ERCC1 transcripts in CTC-enriched samples at baseline and during treatment cycles was found to be predictive of improved progression free survival (PFS). Whereas the presence of ERCCI transcripts and the absence of ESR1 transcripts at baseline and during treatment cycles indicated a 12.77× greater likelihood (odds ratio) of cancer progression. The analysis of these biomarkers has the potential to provide an early indication of PFS ahead of clinical trial results and suggests that CTC characterisation may be a valuable tool for pharma drug trials in the future. In addition, the authors conclude that molecular characterisation of CTCs before and during treatment has the potential to be a useful tool to monitor ovarian cancer patients and may provide further insights into the biology of this difficult to treat disease. According to clinicaltrials.gov there are 1,024 active interventional studies enrolling more than 825,000 participants in ovarian cancer. The study is published as a peer-reviewed journal article in the International Journal of Cancer and is available online at ANGLE Chief Scientific Officer, Karen Miller, commented: "We are pleased to share this peer-reviewed publication by the Medical University of Vienna and the European GANNET53 consortium. The paper demonstrates the potential utility of molecular characterisation of CTCs enriched using the Parsortix system in monitoring ovarian cancer patients throughout their treatment and during follow-up. The scale of this study, both in terms of numbers of patients and timescale of follow-up, is particularly important. It clearly demonstrates how use of the Parsortix system in cancer trials could in the future enable our pharma customers to gain an early understanding of how patients are responding to their drug." Ovarian cancer accounted for over 320,000 new cases of cancer, and over 200,000 deaths worldwide in 20221. Diagnosis often occurs at a later stage, and although patients often respond well to initial treatment with a platinum-based chemotherapy, many patients relapse and develop resistance to treatment2. 1. American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts & Figures 5th Edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2024 2. Zamwar UM, Anjankar AP. Aetiology, epidemiology, histopathology, classification, detailed evaluation, and treatment of ovarian cancer. Cureus. 2022; 14:e30561 ANGLE plc +44 (0) 1483 343434 Andrew Newland, Chief Executive Ian Griffiths, Finance Director Berenberg (NOMAD and Broker) Toby Flaux, Ciaran Walsh, Milo Bonser +44 (0) 20 3207 7800 FTI Consulting Simon Conway, Ciara Martin Matthew Ventimiglia (US) +44 (0) 203 727 1000 +1 (212) 850 5624 For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. For Frequently Used Terms, please see the Company's website on Notes for editors About ANGLE plc ANGLE is a world-leading liquid biopsy company with innovative circulating tumour cell (CTC) solutions for use in research, drug development and clinical oncology using a simple blood sample. ANGLE's FDA cleared and patent protected circulating tumour cell (CTC) harvesting technology known as the Parsortix® PC1 System enables complete downstream analysis of the sample including whole cell imaging and proteomic analysis and full genomic and transcriptomic molecular analysis. ANGLE's commercial businesses are focusing on diagnostic products and clinical services. Diagnostic products include the Parsortix® system, associated consumables and assays. The clinical services business is offered through ANGLE's GCLP-compliant laboratories. Services include custom made assay development and clinical trial testing for pharma. Over 90 peer-reviewed publications have demonstrated the performance of the Parsortix system. For more information, visit This information is provided by Reach, the non-regulatory press release distribution service of RNS, part of the London Stock Exchange. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution of this information may apply. For further information, please contact rns@lseg.com or visit . SOURCE: ANGLE plc View the original press release on accesswire.com

临床2期临床结果

2024-05-14

·医药观澜

下一个“合成致死”新星？阿斯利康、罗氏、恒瑞、英派等都看中的抗癌新靶点是它！

▎药明康德内容团队报道“合成致死”是指两个非致死基因同时被抑制，导致细胞死亡的现象。利用这一机制找到肿瘤中的特异突变，再找到它的“合成致死搭档”，将有望特异性杀死癌细胞。众所周知的PARP抑制剂是首个利用“合成致死”概念在临床上取得成功的药物。PARP抑制剂之外，科学家们也在探索一些其它的“合成致死”新靶点，以期给癌症患者带来更多的治疗选择，ATR就是被寄予厚望的靶点之一。据不完全统计，当前全球范围内已有至少15款ATR抑制剂进入到临床试验阶段，研发公司既有诸如阿斯利康、德国默克、罗氏、拜耳等国际大药企，也有恒瑞医药、英派药业、正大天晴等中国公司。那么，ATR与疾病到底有何关联？当前，ATR抑制剂的开发现状是怎么样的？它们又有望惠及哪些患者？本文中就让我们来一起了解下。图片来源：123RF——✦ATR：癌症治疗新靶点✦——2005年，距离首次报道癌细胞有丝分裂图异常一个多世纪后，两项开创性的研究揭示了人类癌症中DNA损伤反应（DDR）的广泛激活。这些研究表明，癌细胞中基因组不稳定性的起源可能与DNA复制过程中出现的问题有关。此后不久，几份报告证实癌基因的表达会诱导复制应激（Replication Stress，RS）[2]。ATR中文全称是共济失调毛细血管扩张症和Rad3相关蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶，它与毛细血管扩张共济失调突变（ATM）、DNA依赖性蛋白激酶催化亚基(DNA-PKcs)一起形成DNA损伤反应的核心激酶。虽然这三种激酶的序列相似，但它们针对的DNA损伤反应并不相同。其中，ATM和DNA-PKcs主要出现在DNA双链断裂修复中，ATR主要出现在复制应激中。图片来源：123RF现在人们已经知道，ATR是PI3K相关激酶（PIKK）家族的成员，也是细胞复制应激反应（RS Response，RSR）的中心介质，其调节细胞周期检查点的激活和DNA复制，以控制细胞分裂并保护基因组完整性。ATR主要感知复制叉停滞位点或其他DNA损伤来源引起的广泛单链DNA断裂并被激活。激活后，ATR通过启动一系列协调的下游反应来转导该信号，最终导致细胞周期进程的停滞和停滞的复制叉的稳定，从而实现DNA修复。研究发现，激活后的ATR会磷酸化多种下游底物，尤其是丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶CHK1。抑制ATR-CHK1信号通路会导致广泛的基因组不稳定、DNA双链断裂和复制叉崩溃。此外，抑制ATR还会导致不适当的细胞周期进展，无论复制压力或DNA损伤如何，都会过早进入有丝分裂，从而引发有丝分裂灾难和细胞凋亡[1]。总体而言，现有数据支持RS是癌症基因组不稳定性的主要来源，并且不断受到RSR的抑制。RSR因子在具有高水平复制损伤的癌症中被积极选择，这使得肿瘤细胞能够在RS存在的情况下生长。而且，越来越多的证据表明，许多具有高水平RS的肿瘤特别容易受到ATR缺失的影响。这些研究发现为开发ATR抑制剂治疗癌症提供了基础。——✦ATR的“合成致死”搭档✦——生物标志物的测定对于ATR抑制剂的开发至关重要，然而目前尚未建立起针对ATR抑制剂反应的整体生物标志物。目前正在研究的潜在生物标志物包括容易导致复制应激累积的个体基因组改变、能表明RSR升高的基因特征等等。ATM在DDR和RS的调节中与ATR具有重叠的功能，因此ATM功能障碍被描述为通过增加对ATR-CHK1信号通路的依赖，从而与ATR抑制剂组成“合成致死”搭档。因为染色质重塑复合物也部分参与DNA修复，具有肿瘤抑制功能的特定表观遗传修饰因子的缺陷也被认是ATR抑制作用的“合成致死”搭档，例如ARID1A、SETD2、PBRM1和转录激活因子BRG1（也称为SMARCA4）等。▲在合成致死相互作用的筛选中已鉴定出具有作为生物标志物潜在价值的基因组改变。（图片来源：参考资料[1]）众所周知，癌细胞利用端粒酶或替代性端粒延长(ALT)来维持端粒长度并实现复制永生。在癌细胞中，ATRX的缺失会导致细胞周期调节受损以及DNA复制后RPA-端粒关联持续存在。有研究发现，在ATRX缺失的癌细胞中抑制ATR会导致ALT破坏并引发染色体断裂和细胞凋亡，预示ATRX异常也可能是ATR抑制剂的潜在生物标志物。除了上述单个基因组改变之外，化学遗传学筛选还可以鉴定广泛的其他潜在基因组改变，作为ATR抑制剂的“合成致死”搭档，其中包括：RNAse H2复合体缺陷；APOBEC3A/B的改变；致癌基因激活，例如MYC扩增；RAS突变或NF1功能丧失；其他细胞周期检查点/DNA修复蛋白的缺陷，包括CCNE1扩增、TOPBP1、CDK12和ERCC1/XRCC1；剪接体热点突变，包括SF3B1、U2AF1和SRSF2；其他的还包括SPOP突变、PAX3-FOXO1融合癌基因表达、STAG2丢失或胞质铁硫(Fe-S)蛋白组装复合物的破坏等。不过，文章也指出，仍需要更进一步的数据来更好地理解这些改变与ATR抑制剂临床应用的相关性。——✦10余款ATR抑制剂进入临床阶段✦——ATR在调节RSR中的关键作用使该蛋白成为抗癌药物开发的一个有吸引力的靶标，可用于治疗复制应激升高或DNA修复缺陷的癌症。然而，由于ATR蛋白体积较大，开发特异性且有效的ATR抑制剂具有挑战性。同时，因为ATR活性仅限于S-G2期，并且所有磷脂酰肌醇3激酶相关激酶（PIKK）中的活性位点具有高度同源性，这使药物的选择性变得复杂。第一种被发现能抑制ATR的化学物质是咖啡因。然而，咖啡因在实验中使用的剂量非常高，它也会抑制其它几种PIKK。接下来，天然存在的化合物五味子素B被证明可以抑制ATR并消除G2-M期的检查点激活，尽管使用的浓度也很高。后来，科学家们通过几种不同的方法发现了有效的ATR抑制剂。例如，研究人员通过添加4-羟基-他莫昔芬可以在哺乳动物细胞中随意释放ATR活性的细胞系统的开发，使得基于细胞的高通量显微镜筛选特异性阻断ATR活性的化合物成为可能。同时，还有研究人员使用CHK1磷酸化作为ATR激活的指标发现CDK2抑制剂NU6027也可以作用于ATR。此外，科学家们直接使用重组ATR进行体外激酶反应，也鉴定了一系列以ATR为靶点而不影响ATM或DNA-PKcs的化合物。随着ATR领域研究的不断进展，全球范围内已涌现出了越来越多的ATR抑制剂。据不完全统计，目前至少有15款ATR抑制剂已进入到临床试验阶段，研发企业既有阿斯利康（AstraZeneca）、德国默克（Merck KGaA）、罗氏（Roche）、拜耳（Bayer）等国际药企，也有英派药业、正大天晴、恒瑞医药、泰德制药、智康弘义等中国公司。从适应症来看，这些在研ATR抑制剂主要针对不同的实体瘤，只有少数在研药物在开发针对血液癌症的临床研究。研究发现，单药之外，ATR抑制剂与化疗、PARP抑制剂、PD-1/-L1抑制剂等联用也能表现出良好的治疗效果。因此，联合治疗已成为ATR抑制剂的一个主要探索方向。从上表可以看出，目前有不少在研ATR抑制剂正在开展组合用药的临床研究，用药“搭档”主要包括放射治疗、化疗、PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂、PARP抑制剂。▲ATR抑制剂的潜在联合用药搭档（图片来源：参考资料[1]）上述靶点之外，在过去几年中，临床前研究也发现了越来越多其它在被抑制后有望与ATR抑制剂产生协同作用的潜在靶点，包括AXL、BET、exportin-1、Aurora激酶、CTP合酶和雄激素信号传导等。此外，还有研究发现ATR抑制剂和抗体偶联药物（ADC）组合也有可能产生协同的抗肿瘤作用。 ——✦挑战和未来✦——整体而言，ATR抑制剂的开发还处于早期阶段，目前尚未有产品上市。根据今年2月发表在Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology上的一篇综述，围绕ATR抑制剂未来开发的几个挑战仍然存在，包括：1）如何确定生物标志物，以便可以精准地选择患者；2）如何建立最佳给药方案和合理的组合治疗策略，使ATR抑制剂的获益最大化，同时使毒性最小化；3）如何分析该药物类别内药物之间的特异性差异性。这篇文章指出，ATR领域的进一步药物开发工作应优先考虑预测生物标志物的识别和完善，阐明ATR抑制剂的耐药机制，以及开发合理的组合，同时了解ATR功能的亚效性及其与不同RSR机制的串扰。希望随着研究的进展，靶向ATR的药物开发领域能取得更多突破，早日为癌症患者带来新的治疗选择。参考资料：（可上下滑动查看） [1]Ngoi, N.Y.L., Pilié, P.G., McGrail, D.J. et al. (2024) Targeting ATR in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-024-00863-5[2]Lecona, E., Fernandez-Capetillo, O. (2018)Targeting ATR in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0034-3[3]中国药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台官网. From http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html[4]Clinicaltrials网站，From https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/[5]各公司公开资料。本文来自药明康德内容团队，欢迎个人转发至朋友圈，谢绝媒体或机构未经授权以任何形式转载至其他平台。转载授权请在「医药观澜」微信公众号留言联系我们。其他合作需求，请联系wuxi_media@wuxiapptec.com。免责声明：药明康德内容团队专注介绍全球生物医药健康研究进展。本文仅作信息交流之目的，文中观点不代表药明康德立场，亦不代表药明康德支持或反对文中观点。本文也不是治疗方案推荐。如需获得治疗方案指导，请前往正规医院就诊。