Article
作者: Busch, Tamara ; Adeyemo, Adebowale A ; Adamson, Olawale ; Dunnwald, Martine ; Li, Mary ; Gowans, Lord J J ; Plange-Rhule, Gyikua ; Obiri-Yeboah, Solomon ; Taub, Margaret ; James, Olutayo ; Adeyemo, Wasiu L ; Sobreira, Nara ; Fashina, Azeez ; Kayali, Sami ; Zeng, Erliang ; Donkor, Peter ; Petrin, Aline ; Alade, Azeez ; Olotu, Joy ; Ogunlewe, Modupe O ; Butali, Azeez ; Albokhari, Daniah ; Hassan, Mohaned ; Agbenorku, Pius ; Sabbah, Daniel K ; Oti, Alexander Acheampong ; Ray, Debashree ; Beaty, Terri H ; Marazita, Mary L ; Murray, Jeffrey C ; Oladayo, Abimbola ; Mossey, Peter A ; Hetmanski, Jacqueline B ; Aladenika, Emmanuel T ; Sule, Veronica ; Adeleke, Chinyere ; Naicker, Thirona ; Eshete, Mekonen A ; Awotoye, Waheed ; Pape, John ; Arthur, Fareed K N
Novel or rare damaging mutations have been implicated in the developmental pathogenesis of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL ± P). Thus, we investigated the human genome for high-impact mutations that could explain the risk of nsCL ± P in our cohorts. We conducted next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of 130 nsCL ± P case-parent African trios to identify pathogenic variants that contribute to the risk of clefting. We replicated this analysis using whole-exome sequence data from a Brazilian nsCL ± P cohort. Computational analyses were then used to predict the mechanism by which these variants could result in increased risks for nsCL ± P. We discovered damaging mutations within the AFDN gene, a cell adhesion molecule (CAMs) that was previously shown to contribute to cleft palate in mice. These mutations include p.Met1164Ile, p.Thr453Asn, p.Pro1638Ala, p.Arg669Gln, p.Ala1717Val, and p.Arg1596His. We also discovered a novel splicing p.Leu1588Leu mutation in this protein. Computational analysis suggests that these amino acid changes affect the interactions with other cleft-associated genes including nectins (PVRL1, PVRL2, PVRL3, and PVRL4) CDH1, CTNNA1, and CTNND1. This is the first report on the contribution of AFDN to the risk for nsCL ± P in humans. AFDN encodes AFADIN, an important CAM that forms calcium-independent complexes with nectins 1 and 4 (encoded by the genes PVRL1 and PVRL4). This discovery shows the power of NGS analysis of multiethnic cleft samples in combination with a computational approach in the understanding of the pathogenesis of nsCL ± P.