Diabetes Mellitus, characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, pancreatic beta cell damage, or insulin resistance, is the third most prevalent chronic metabolic disease worldwide. Polysaccharides, biocompatible natural macromolecules, have garnered significant attention for their potential in modulating diabetes through various mechanisms. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive and impartial evaluation of anti-diabetic polysaccharides (ATDPs) research is still lacking. This study employs bibliometric and knowledge mapping techniques to analyze research trends and developments concerning ATDPs. A total of 3435 publications from 2001 to 2024 were examined, revealing a marked increase in publication volume and citation frequency, particularly since 2016. Network analysis indicates China as the leading contributor, with the highest number of publications and prominent institutions. The International Journal of Biological Macromolecules is identified as the most prolific journal in this field. Shaoping Nie stands out as a leading researcher with the highest citation frequency and h-index. Current research trends focus on the role of polysaccharides in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, and their structural characterization. Emerging studies investigate how these polysaccharides impact gut microbiota composition, enhance intestinal barrier functions, and modulate immune responses, representing cutting-edge areas in diabetes research. This research pioneers the use of bibliometric analysis to map ATDPs research trajectories, offering valuable insights into prevailing trends, emerging topics, and opportunities for future research and collaboration.