The Biological Therapeutics Research and Development--GTCbio's Fifth Annual Conference, held in San Francisco, included topics covering new therapeutic developments in the field of vaccines and peptide therapies. This conference report highlights selected presentations on the development of vaccines for NSCLC, DNA delivery platforms as vaccines, vaccine combination therapy for cancer, DNA vaccines for autoimmune diseases, and improved peptide therapeutics. Investigational drugs discussed include TG-4010 (Transgene), and a series of vaccines targeting autoimmune diseases, including BHT-3021 (Bayhill/Genentech) for type I diabetes, BHT-3009 (Bayhill) for multiple sclerosis and BHT-3034 (Bayhill) for myasthenia gravis.