Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) were thought until recently to function mainly as stable homodimers, but recent work suggests that heteromerization is possible. Despite the growth in available compounds targeting mGluRs, little is known about the pharmacological profile of mGluR heterodimers. Here, this question was addressed for the mGluR2/4 heterodimer, examined by coexpressing both receptors in isolated sympathetic neurons from the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG), a native neuronal system with a null mGluR background. Under conditions that favor mGluR2/4 heterodimer formation, activation of the receptor was not evident with the mGluR2-selective agonist (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV) or with the mGluR4 selective agonist L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4); however, full activation was apparent when both ligands were applied together, confirming that mGluR dimers require ligand binding in both subunits for full activation. Properties of allosteric modulators were also examined, including the findings that negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have two binding sites per dimer and that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have only a single site per dimer. In SCG neurons, mGluR2/4 dimers were not inhibited by the mGluR2-selective NAM (Z)-1-[2-cycloheptyloxy-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethenyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (Ro 64-5229), supporting the two-site model. Furthermore, application of the mGluR4 selective PAMs N-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide (VU0361737) or N-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide (PHCCC) and combined application of mGluR4 PAMs with the mGluR2 selective PAM biphenyl indanone-A failed to potentiate glutamate responses through mGluR2/4, suggesting that mGluR2/4 heterodimers are not modulatable by PAMs that are currently available.

2009-01-01·Current topics in medicinal chemistry

Recent progress in the development of mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Review

作者: Darren W. Engers ; Corey R. Hopkins ; Colleen M. Niswender ; Craig W. Lindsley

This article describes recent advances in the development and biological evaluation of small molecule mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), and, to a lesser extent, orthosteric agonists. Due to its expression in the basal ganglia, the Family 3 GPCR metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGluR4) has recently garnered a great deal of attention as a putative target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and a variety of other CNS disorders. Until 2008, with the exception of the prototypical mGluR4 PAM (-)-PHCCC, very few small molecule tools existed to probe the role of selective activation of mGluR4. This review will focus on the explosion of novel mGluR4 PAMs reported in the past year and the further preclinical validation of mGluR4 activation as a potentially groundbreaking treatment for Parkinson's disease.

项与 mGluR4 PAMs(Evotec/Boehringer) 相关的新闻（医药）

2022-08-15

·GlobeNewswire-Health Care

Addex and Indivior Extend GABAB Positive Allosteric Modulator Research Collaboration for Substance Use Disorders

Geneva, Switzerland, August 15, 2022 - Addex Therapeutics (SIX and Nasdaq: ADXN), a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company pioneering allosteric modulation-based drug discovery and development, today announced that its collaboration agreement with Indivior PLC (LON: INDV) for discovering and developing novel oral gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype B (GABAB) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) drug candidates has been extended until March 31, 2023. As part of the amended agreement, Indivior will provide Addex with CHF 850,000 (approx. US $900,000) of additional research funding. The reserved indications, where Addex retains exclusive rights to develop its own independent GABAB PAM program, have also been expanded to include chronic cough, in addition to the rights to develop certain retained compounds for Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A neuropathy (CMT1A) and pain. “We have advanced the GABAB PAM program into the late stage of clinical candidate selection and are currently selecting compounds for entry into IND enabling studies for both Indivior’s program in substance use disorder and Addex’s independent programs for CMT1A, chronic cough and pain,” said Mikhail Kalinichev, Head of Translational Science of Addex. “This additional research funding demonstrates the progress made to date in identifying novel GABAB PAM drug candidates and reflects the promise this mechanism of action has to bring significant benefit to the quality of life of patients”. “Indivior continues to be an important strategic partner for Addex as we continue to advance our preclinical portfolio towards the clinic and await the readout from the ADX71149 Phase 2 epilepsy study being conducted by our partner, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., which is due to report top line data at the end of 2022,” said Tim Dyer, CEO of Addex. “We also continue to advance discussions with potential partners across our portfolio and evaluate the future development path for dipraglurant, our mGlu5 NAM clinical program.” About GABAB Activation with PAM Activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype B (GABAB) receptor, a Family C class of GPCR, is clinically and commercially validated. The generic GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, marketed for spasticity and some spinal cord injuries, has been shown to be efficacious in several other disease areas, including alcohol use disorder, CMT1A, chronic cough and pain. However, its wider use is limited due to a variety of side effects, rapid clearance and the development of tolerance. Novel, potent, selective and orally available positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that potentiate GABA responses, rather than acting as orthosteric agonists at the GABAB receptor, like baclofen, are expected to deliver efficacy and have less adverse effects. Furthermore, PAMs only act when the natural ligand (GABA) activates the receptor, hence respecting the physiological cycle of activation, which is believed to explain why PAMs lead to less tolerance than direct agonists. About Addex Therapeutics: Addex Therapeutics is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of an emerging class of novel orally available, small molecule drugs known as allosteric modulators for neurological disorders. Allosteric modulators offer several potential advantages over conventional, non-allosteric molecules and may offer an improved therapeutic approach to conventional "orthosteric" small molecule or biological drugs. Addex's allosteric modulator drug discovery platform targets receptors and other proteins that are recognized as essential for therapeutic intervention. Addex's lead drug candidate, ADX71149 (mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator or PAM), developed in collaboration with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is in a Phase 2a proof of concept clinical trial for the treatment of epilepsy. Addex's second clinical program, dipraglurant (mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator or NAM), is under evaluation for future development in a range of indications. Indivior PLC has licensed Addex’s GABAB PAM program for the development of drug candidates, with a focus on substance use disorder. Addex is also advancing a broad preclinical pipeline, which includes development of a range of GABAB PAMs for CMT1A, chronic cough and several types of pain, mGlu7 NAM for stress related disorders, mGlu2 NAM for mild neurocognitive disorders and depression, M4 PAM for schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis, as well as mGlu4 PAM and mGlu3 PAM. Addex shares are listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange and American Depositary Shares representing its shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, and trade under the ticker symbol "ADXN" on each exchange.

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