ABSTRACT:
Synthetic lethality is defined as a type of genetic interaction where the combination of two genetic events results in cell death, whereas each of them separately does not. Synthetic lethality can be a useful tool in personalised oncology.
MLH1
is a cancer‐related gene that has a central role in DNA mismatch‐repair and
TP53
is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. To identify genetic events that can lead to tumour death once either
MLH1
or
TP53
is mutated, a genome‐wide genetic screening was performed. Thus, mutations in all protein‐coding genes were introduced into haploid human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with and without loss‐of‐function mutations in the
MLH1
or
TP53
genes. These experiments uncovered a list of putative hits with
EXO1
,
NR5A2
, and
PLK2
genes for
MLH1,
and
MYH10
gene for
TP53
emerging as the most promising candidates. Synthetic lethal interactions of these genes were validated genetically or chemically using small molecules that inhibit these genes. The specific effects of SR1848, which inhibits NR5A2, ON1231320 or BI2536, which inhibits PLK2, and blebbistatin, which inhibits MYH10, were further validated in cancer cell lines. Finally, animal studies with CCL xenografts showed the selective effect of the small molecule BI2536 on
MLH1
‐null tumours and of blebbistatin on
TP53‐
mutated tumours. Thus, demonstrating their potential for personalised medicine, and the robustness of genetic screening in haploid hESCs in the context of cancer therapeutics.