Chikungunya Vaccine, Recombinant (Bavarian Nordic)

摘要：基孔肯雅热，这个听起来有些陌生的名字，正随着蚊虫的翅膀在全球悄然扩散。它并非新病毒，自1952年在坦桑尼亚首次被发现以来，已席卷超过119个国家。2025年，留尼汪岛的再次爆发和广东佛山的本地传播案例，为我们敲响了警钟。这种病毒导致的关节剧痛可能持续数月甚至数年，给患者带来长期困扰。更棘手的是，它的主要传播者——埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊——习性狡猾，防控不易。尽管已有两款疫苗在欧美获批，但挑战依然存在。今天，我们就来深入聊聊这个“扭曲”的病毒，它的过去、现在与未来。 一、病毒档案：一个擅长“攻击关节”的旅行者 基孔肯雅病毒属于披膜病毒科的甲病毒属。它个头很小，直径约60-70纳米，结构却不简单。病毒颗粒外层包裹着来自宿主细胞的脂质膜，上面插着关键的刺突蛋白，内里则是一条单股正链RNA基因组。这条基因组编码的非结构蛋白负责病毒复制，而结构蛋白则组装成病毒颗粒。它最“拿手”的，就是引起关节炎症。病毒通过蚊子叮咬进入人体后，会利用一个叫做MXRA8的受体精准“登陆”关节滑膜细胞。这个受体在关节组织中含量很高，好比为病毒打开了一扇专享大门。感染会引发免疫细胞聚集，释放大量炎性因子，导致剧烈的关节炎和疼痛。虽然多数患者能康复，但约30%-40%的人会发展为慢性关节炎，痛苦缠绵不去。 二、传播元凶：蚊子界的“全能选手”与“机会主义者” 病毒的扩散，离不开两位“飞行大使”：埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊。前者是全球城市地区的主要传播者，偏爱热带和亚热带气候。但在中国，白纹伊蚊的角色更为关键。它的适应能力简直惊人，从海南到辽宁南部都有分布，而且还在不断向北向西扩张。这种蚊子不挑食，人畜血液都吸，栖息地从城市小区到乡村林地都能适应。它们的行为习性更是大大增加了防控难度。看看下面这张图，你就明白了： 图1：埃及伊蚊的繁殖周期及其促进病毒传播的关键行为——“跳式吸血”与“跳式产卵” 这些蚊子喜欢在白天活动，这让夜间使用的蚊帐效果大打折扣。它们吸血时还有个坏习惯——“跳式吸血”，吸几口就换一个目标，一只带毒蚊子就能轻松感染多人。雌蚊产卵也采取“跳式产卵”策略，把卵分散产在各种不起眼的小积水容器里，比如花盆托盘、废弃瓶罐，让“清积水”这种基础防控手段事倍功半。 三、进化与扩散：一次突变引发的全球流行 病毒的进化史，就是一部适应与扩张的历史。它主要分为西非型、东/中/南非型和亚洲型三种基因型。虽然早在1952年就被发现，但真正的全球大流行始于21世纪。2004-2005年，一次关键的基因突变改变了一切。属于东非型的病毒株出现了一个名为 E1-A226V的突变。这个突变像一把“万能钥匙”，极大地增强了病毒在白纹伊蚊体内的复制和传播能力。携带此突变的病毒株形成了印度洋谱系，借助分布广泛的白纹伊蚊，迅速从非洲冲进印度、东南亚，甚至在2007年引发了欧洲（意大利）的本地传播。 2013年，亚洲型病毒株闯入美洲，同样造成了超过300万例的疫情。而就在刚刚过去的2025年，留尼汪岛再次爆发大规模疫情，病毒与2005年的流行株高度同源，属于ECSA-2谱系，并且发现了可能增强适应性的新突变。同年7月，我国广东佛山也报告了由输入病例引发的本地聚集性疫情。这些都清晰地表明，基孔肯雅热离我们并不遥远。 四、疫苗竞赛：盾牌已铸，但仍需打磨 应对传染病，疫苗是最有力的武器。目前，已有两款疫苗在欧美获批上市，它们的技术路线截然不同。 图2：减毒活疫苗IXCHIQ®与病毒样颗粒疫苗VIMKUNYA™的抗原设计与构建策略示意图 第一款是减毒活疫苗IXCHIQ®。科学家对一株流行病毒进行了基因工程改造，删除了其nsP3蛋白上一段62个氨基酸的区域，使病毒毒力减弱但保留免疫原性。它单剂接种就能激发很强的保护抗体，但曾报告有少数接种者出现类似基孔肯雅热的严重不良反应，其使用一度受到限制。第二款是病毒样颗粒疫苗VIMKUNYA™。更“聪明”，不直接用病毒，而是利用细胞工厂生产出病毒的空壳——即病毒样颗粒。它拥有病毒真实的外形，能高效诱导免疫反应，但内部没有遗传物质，因此安全性更高。这款疫苗在12岁以上人群中显示出良好的安全性和免疫效果。 除了这两款，全球科研人员还在开发灭活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒载体疫苗和mRNA疫苗等多种技术路线的候选疫苗，旨在寻求更安全、更广谱的保护。 五、未来挑战：一场需要“组合拳”的持久战 面对不断进化的病毒和狡猾的蚊媒，未来的防控是一场综合战役。 疫苗的普及与优化是保护易感人群的核心。需要开发更安全、覆盖全年龄段（尤其是老人和儿童）的新疫苗，并推动疫苗在全球，特别是中低收入国家的可及性。 精准的蚊虫防控则是切断传播链的关键。单纯依赖化学杀虫剂已面临抗药性的挑战。我们需要结合分子监测、生物防控（如释放绝育雄蚊）等新技术，并大力推动社区参与，清除房前屋后的孳生地。影响蚊虫传毒效率的因素很复杂，看看下面这个表格里的几个例子： 表1：影响基孔肯雅病毒传播的蚊媒相关生态与生物因素 例如，温度升高会显著加速蚊子体内的病毒复制，缩短传播周期。而蚊子肠道内的微生物组成，比如沃尔巴克氏体的减少，也可能让蚊子更容易感染病毒。最后，构建智能化的综合防控体系至关重要。利用人工智能整合气候、旅行和病毒基因数据，可以预测疫情风险。加强口岸检疫，早发现输入病例，并快速进行病例所在区域的应急灭蚊，是防止疫情扩散的有效经验。 结语 基孔肯雅病毒的故事，是一个关于病毒适应、全球化和公共卫生应对的经典案例。从非洲丛林到全球城市，从一次偶然的突变到持续的进化，它提醒我们，在互联互通的世界里，传染病防控没有国界。了解它，重视它，用科学和协作武装自己，是我们面对这个“扭曲”挑战者的最好方式。 识别微信二维码，添加生物制品圈小编，符合条件者即可加入 生物制品微信群！ 请注明：姓名+研究方向！ 版 权 声 明 本公众号所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的，且明确注明来源和作者，不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系(cbplib@163.com)，我们将立即进行删除处理。所有文章仅代表作者观不本站。

Agreement to enable the first entry in Latin America for Bavarian Nordic’s chikungunya vaccinePotential to expand agreement to cover rest of Latin America COPENHAGEN, Denmark, January 23, 2026 – Bavarian Nordic A/S (OMX: BAVA) today announced an agreement with Eurofarma, granting them exclusive rights to sell and distribute Bavarian Nordic’s chikungunya vaccine, CHIKV VLP, in Brazil. Eurofarma is also granted the right of first refusal for any future opportunity to register and commercialize the chikungunya vaccine in the rest of Latin America. The agreement is transfer price and royalty-based with no associated upfront or milestone payments. Eurofarma will be responsible for seeking and maintaining regulatory approval of the vaccine in exclusive territories, as well as sales and distribution costs. Bavarian Nordic will remain the manufacturer of the vaccine, which is made available to Eurofarma through a transfer price agreement. Pending discussions with the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, Anvisa, regulatory submission is expected to occur later in the first half of 2026, potentially supporting launch of the chikungunya vaccine in Brazil in the second half of 2027. “Following a successful launch of our chikungunya vaccine for travelers in the first Western markets in 2025, we are pleased to expand the commercial availability also for endemic populations through this first distribution agreement,” said Paul Chaplin, President & CEO of Bavarian Nordic. “Brazil remains severely impacted by chikungunya, representing half of all reported cases and related deaths worldwide. Together with Eurofarma, a local partner with strong regional presence, we continue our efforts to make a lasting impact on public health globally.” “Our partnership with Bavarian Nordic reinforces Eurofarma’s commitment to innovation and to expanding access to high‑quality healthcare. It builds on our strong capabilities to deliver high‑impact solutions for people in Brazil and across Latin America—so that everyone has the opportunity to live longer and better,” says João Siffert, Eurofarma’s Vice President of Innovation. While the agreement aims to significantly improve access to chikungunya vaccines in Brazil, it is not expected to have a material short- to medium-term financial impact on Bavarian Nordic. // About CHIKV VLPCHIKV VLP is a single dose, prefilled, adjuvanted VLP recombinant protein vaccine for active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in individuals 12 years and older. It is designed to induce a robust seroresponse, with protective immunity starting to develop as early as 1 week after vaccination. The vaccine does not contain viral genetic material and is therefore non-infectious and unable to cause disease, ensuring a broad range of people can benefit from vaccination. The vaccine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission in February 2025 and the United Kingdom in May 2025 under the trade name VIMKUNYA®1. About chikungunyaChikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the chikungunya virus. In the past 20 years, the virus has emerged across several regions in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, including many popular travel destinations, often causing large unpredictable outbreaks. Since its discovery, chikungunya has been identified in more than 110 countries2. Chikungunya typically presents with acute symptoms, including fever, rash, fatigue, headache, and often severe and incapacitating joint pain. Most patients recover, but 30-40% of those affected may develop chronic symptoms that can last for months or even years3. In 2025, as of December, nearly 500,000 cases of chikungunya and over 200 associated deaths were reported worldwide4. More than half of the reported cases and associated deaths were reported from Brazil5. Recent data suggest that chikungunya is severely underreported and often misdiagnosed as dengue fever due to a similar symptom profile6. About Bavarian NordicBavarian Nordic is a global vaccine company with a mission to improve health and save lives through innovative vaccines. We are a preferred supplier of mpox and smallpox vaccines to governments to enhance public health preparedness and have a leading portfolio of travel vaccines. For more information, visit www.bavarian-nordic.com. About EurofarmaFounded in 1972, Eurofarma covers key pharmaceutical segments and is the leader in medical prescriptions in Brazil. A Brazilian multinational company operating in 24 countries, with full coverage across Latin America and retail leadership in the region, the company also maintains operations in the United States and Africa, with more than 13,500 employees and 11 manufacturing facilities. In 2024, Eurofarma produced 600 million units. That same year, the company invested over USD 122 million in innovation projects and achieved net revenue exceeding USD 1.78 billion. For more information: www.eurofarma.com.br Contact investors:Europe: Disa Tuominen, IR Manager, detu@bavarian-nordic.comUS: Graham Morrell, Gilmartin Group, graham@gilmartinir.com, Tel: +1 781 686 9600 Contact media:Nicole Seroff, Vice President Corporate Communications, nise@bavarian-nordic.com, Tel: +45 53 88 06 03 1 Marketed as VIMKUNYA™ in the US. Marketed as VIMKUNYA® in EU and the United Kingdom. 2 World Health Organization (WHO). Chikungunya.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya 3 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Chikungunya virus disease. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya-virus-disease. 4 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Chikungunya virus disease worldwide overview. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya-monthly. 5 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Chikungunya: analysis by country. https://www.paho.org/en/arbo-portal/chikungunya-data-and-analysis/chikungunya-analysis-country 6 Ribas Freitas AR, Pinheiro Chagas AA, Siqueira AM, Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti L. How much of the current serious arbovirus epidemic in Brazil is dengue and how much is chikungunya? Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 Apr 30;34:100753. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100753. PMID: 38711542; PMCID: PMC11070701. Attachment Bavarian Nordic Signs Distribution Agreement with Eurofarma to Expand Access to Chikungunya Vaccine in Brazil