The aim of this study is to synthesize new amphiphilic chitosan containing myristic acid as the hydrophobic tail and tertiary amine groups as the hydrophilic head and to evaluate the gene delivery efficiency. In this context, the primary amine groups of chitosan were first modified with myristic acid (Chi-M), followed by the modification of the methylol groups with 3-dimethylamino-1-propyl chloride hydrochloride. The chemical characterization of this chitosan formulation (Chi-MA) was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and gel permeation chromatography-size exclusion chromatography. Chi-MA nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation, and particle size, polydispersity and zeta potential were determined. The nanoparticles were evaluated for their proton buffering capacity and gene complexing capacity. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of Chi-MA on HEK293 cells was determined via MTT assay, and the transfection efficiency of Chi-MA was analyzed by a flow cytometer. The results indicate a significant increase in gene complexing capacity (8-fold) and nanoparticle formation ability of Chi-MA compared to other chitosan formulations. Chi-MA nanoparticles showed no toxicity against HEK293 cells and exhibited the highest transfection efficiency with significantly lower nanoparticle: gene ratios compared to previous studies. These findings demonstrate the effective use of amphiphilic Chi-MA as a gene carrier.

2022-03-01·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health2区 · 医学

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds is associated with a risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus among Korean adults: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015–2017

2区 · 医学

Article

作者: Choi, Sohyeon ; Park, Young Joo ; Park, Hyunwoong ; Cheon, Gi Jeong ; Kim, Sunmi ; Cho, Yoon Hee ; Choi, Kyungho ; Park, Jeongim ; Yoo, Jiyoung ; Kim, Min Joo ; Hong, Sooyeon ; Moon, Min Kyong ; Lee, Inae

Environmental pollutants have been known to increase the risks of not only respiratory and cardiovascular disease but also metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene and toluene are major constituents of environmental pollution. In the present study, we employed the population of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3 conducted between 2015 and 2017, and assessed the associations of urinary biomarkers for PAHs and VOCs exposure with obesity and DM. A total of 3787 adult participants were included and the urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites and two VOC metabolites were measured. For correcting urine dilution, a covariate-adjusted standardization method was used. The highest quartiles of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) [OR (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 1.46 (1.13, 1.87)] and sum of PAH metabolites [OR (95% CI) = 1.45 (1.13, 1.87)] concentrations were associated with a higher risk of obesity [body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m²]. BMI was positively associated with urinary 2-NAP [β (95% CI) = 0.25 (0.09, 0.41), p = 0.003] and sum of PAH metabolites [β (95% CI) = 0.29 (0.08, 0.49), p = 0.006] concentrations. The risk of DM was increased with increasing quartile of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFlu) and trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) (p for trend<0.05 and < 0.001, respectively). The highest quartile of t,t-MA showed a significantly higher risk of DM [OR (95% CI) = 2.77 (1.74, 4.42)] and obesity [OR (95% CI) = 1.42 (1.06, 1.90)]. Urinary t,t,-MA level was positively associated with BMI [(β (95% CI) = 0.51 (0.31, 0.71), p < 0.001] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease index [(β (95% CI) = 0.09 (0.06, 0.12), p < 0.001]. In conclusion, the benzene metabolites t,t-MA and PAH metabolite 2-OHFlu were associated with an increased risk of DM. Urinary biomarkers for PAHs and VOCs were positively associated with BMI in the Korean adult population. Further studies to validate these observations in other populations are warranted.

2021-01-01·Journal of Veterinary Medical Science4区 · 农林科学

The anesthetic effects of intramuscular alfaxalone in dogs premedicated with low-dose medetomidine and/or butorphanol

4区 · 农林科学

Article

作者: OYAMA, Norihiko ; TAMURA, Jun ; ITAMI, Takaharu ; KATO, Keiko ; YAMASHITA, Kazuto ; SANO, Tadashi ; ENDO, Yusuke ; NOMOTO, Ken

We aimed to evaluate the induction, anesthesia, and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular (IM) anesthetic protocol with alfaxalone following premedication with low-dose medetomidine, butorphanol, or a combination of both (medetomidine-butorphanol) in dogs. Six healthy beagles were administered 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg alfaxalone IM following premedication with low-dose medetomidine (5 µg/kg; MA-IM), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg; BA-IM), or medetomidine-butorphanol (5 µg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively; MBA-IM). Each dog received 9 treatments with minimum 7-day washout period between treatments. Dogs were allowed to breath room air during anesthetic induction. We attempted endotracheal intubation after alfaxalone administration. Alfaxalone produced a dose-dependent anesthetic effect in each anesthetic protocol. Intubation was achieved in 4 out of 6 dogs that received MA-IM and BA-IM with 2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and in all dogs that received MBA-IM with 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg alfaxalone. The median durations [minimum-maximum] of accepting intubation were 79 [0-89], 97 [84-120], and 117 [84-217] min, respectively. Hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <60 mmHg) did not develop, but bradycardia (heart rate <60 beats/min) was observed in all dogs that received the MA-IM and MBA-IM protocols. Severe hypoxemia (percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation <90%) developed in 2 dogs that received MBA-IM with 5 mg/kg alfaxalone. We consider that the MA-IM and BA-IM protocols with ≥2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and the MBA-IM protocol with 1-2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone could provide clinically useful and effective anesthesia without causing severe cardiorespiratory depression in healthy dogs.

100 项与 Methoxy-mycolic acid 相关的药物交易

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