Licochalcone C

Limited research has examined polysubstance use profiles among young adults focusing on the various tobacco products currently available. We examined use patterns of various tobacco products, marijuana, and alcohol using data from the baseline survey of a multiwave longitudinal study of 3418 students aged 18-25 recruited from seven U.S. college campuses. We assessed sociodemographics, individual-level factors (depression; perceptions of harm and addictiveness,), and sociocontextual factors (parental/friend use). We conducted a latent class analysis and multivariable logistic regression to examine correlates of class membership (Abstainers were referent group). Results indicated five classes: Abstainers (26.1% per past 4-month use), Alcohol only users (38.9%), Heavy polytobacco users (7.3%), Light polytobacco users (17.3%), and little cigar and cigarillo (LCC)/hookah/marijuana co-users (10.4%). The most stable was LCC/hookah/marijuana co-users (77.3% classified as such in past 30-day and 4-month timeframes), followed by Heavy polytobacco users (53.2% classified consistently). Relative to Abstainers, Heavy polytobacco users were less likely to be Black and have no friends using alcohol and perceived harm of tobacco and marijuana use lower. Light polytobacco users were older, more likely to have parents using tobacco, and less likely to have friends using tobacco. LCC/hookah/marijuana co-users were older and more likely to have parents using tobacco. Alcohol only users perceived tobacco and marijuana use to be less socially acceptable, were more likely to have parents using alcohol and friends using marijuana, but less likely to have friends using tobacco. These findings may inform substance use prevention and recovery programs by better characterizing polysubstance use patterns.

Dryland agriculture is fundamental to global crop production and vital to food security. Conservation tillage is extensively practiced in USA wheat cultivation. Meanwhile, the adoption of conservation tillage by Chinese farmers is limited. This meta-analysis compared the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) between conservation tillage and conventional tillage (CT) with different types of cropping systems, mulching methods, levels of nitrogen fertilizer (NF), and addition of manure. The meta-analysis presented that conservation tillage at high-NF enhanced the yield and NUE, and reduced the yield and NUE at low-NF, compared to CT. The interaction of conservation tillage with leguminous cover crops (LCC) and manure application increased the yield and NUE at low-NF, compared to CT. Non-leguminous cover crops (NLCC) increased the yield and NUE under high-NF than low-NF. The interaction of conservation tillage with management practices showed that the no-tillage (NT) with leguminous cover crops (LCC) significantly increased wheat yield by 58% and NUE by 47% under low-NF compared to CT. However, increasing the rate of NF did not increase the yield under such interaction. Cropping systems, mulching types, and manure application mainly determined the effects of conservation tillage on wheat yield and NUE. The adverse impact of CT on yield and NUE could be alleviated with the application of LCC and manure under moderate NF. We demonstrate that adding LCC and manure have a generally substitutive relationship with N fertilizer, resulting in a significant increase in wheat yield and NUE at low-NF doses as at high N fertilizer dosages. Therefore, based on the obtained results, moderate NF with LCC and manure application is recommended for growing winter wheat in dryland regions of the USA and China.