Triptolide (TP) is a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Its application, however, is limited due to poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and organ toxicity. Based on the classical compatibility theory of Tripterygium and Polygonatum for toxicity reduction in traditional Chinese medicine, and the super-self-assembly behavior observed in the decoctions of these two herbs, a novel nano-delivery system (TP-PSP) was designed with Polygonatum Sibiricum Polysaccharide (PSP) as the carrier. TP-PSP achieved 6-fold enhancements in solubility and 3-fold enhancements in membrane permeability. The bioavailability of TP-PSP increased by 6.8/5.9-fold in AUC0-t/AUC0-∞, significantly reducing gastrointestinal toxicity by shortening intestinal retention. In the diabetic nephropathy (DN) mouse model, TP-PSP achieved better therapeutic effects by enabling kidney-targeted delivery. TP-PSP reduced serum creatinine and urea nitrogen by 38.7% and 42.5%, respectively. It also alleviated TP-induced renal, cardiac, and hepatic toxicity. Physical characterization and molecular dynamic simulations revealed that TP and PSP form stable supramolecular aggregates via hydrogen bonding. TP-PSP activated the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway, enhancing antioxidant defenses and suppressing lipid peroxidation/ferroptosis. This study not only reports a clinically viable TP delivery strategy but also highlights the application potential of traditional Chinese medicine principles in developing advanced nanomedicine with better effects but lower toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE: This work presents a significant advancement beyond classical Chinese medical principles to overcome the major clinical limitations of triptolide (TP), a potent yet therapeutically challenging compound. Guided by the "Sovereign-Minister-Assistant-Envoy" principle and systematic, detailed prescription research, we identified Polygonatum Sibiricum Polysaccharide (PSP) as a promising carrier to enhance the solubility and reduce the toxicity of TP. We developed an engineered nano-delivery system (TP-PSP) with improvements in TP's solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability while simultaneously reducing its systemic organ toxicity. The system demonstrates kidney-targeted delivery and a significant reduction in key nephropathy markers, revealing strong therapeutic potential for diabetic kidney disease. Furthermore, our integrated experimental and molecular dynamics approach elucidates the fundamental self-assembly mechanism between TP and PSP, which is driven by hydrogen bonding. Notably, we identified Nrf2 pathway activation and ferroptosis inhibition as a novel protective mechanism against TP-induced nephrotoxicity, effectively expanding its therapeutic window for clinical translation. This study successfully bridges traditional medicine wisdom with modern nanotechnology, addressing critical pharmacological and environmental challenges in drug development. Beyond the specific application of TP, this work validates a scientific principle from Chinese medicine for guiding the design of nanomedicine, offering a generalizable template for reformulating other potent but toxic herbal compounds.