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Many factors involved in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis and metabolism have been reported to play roles in viral infection. However, the detailed mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we report that exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1), the HS polymerase, is a critical regulatory factor for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Knocking out EXT1 dramatically restricts ZIKV infection, which is not due to the inhibition of virus entry resulting from HS deficiency, but mediated by the downregulation of autophagy. Induction of autophagy promotes ZIKV infection, and attenuated autophagy is found in distinct EXT1 knockout (EXT1-KO) cell lines. Induction of autophagy by rapamycin can relieve the ZIKV production defect in EXT1-KO cells. While over-expressing EXT1 results in the reduction of ZIKV production by targeting the viral envelope (E) protein and non-structural protein NS3 in a proteasome-dependent degradation manner. The different roles of EXT1 in ZIKV infection are further confirmed by the data that knocking down EXT1 at the early stage of ZIKV infection represses viral infection, whereas the increase of ZIKV infection is observed when knocking down EXT1 at the late stage of viral infection. This study discovers previously unrecognized intricate roles of EXT1 in ZIKV infection.

2025-12-31·Journal of Maps

A GIS-based multiscale mapping framework to assess and visualize complex and polygenetic geomorphic systems – A novel ‘Geomorphic Entities’ approach

作者: Terret, Andrea ; La Licata, Manuel ; De Amicis, Mattia ; Maerker, Michael ; Bosino, Alberto

2025-12-31·Journal of Dermatological Treatment

Baricitinib for the treatment of severe alopecia areata: results from a 52-week multicenter retrospective real-world study

作者: Barbareschi, Mauro ; Gargiulo, Luigi ; Fulgione, Elisabetta ; Vignoli, Carlo A. ; Gallo, Giuseppe ; Boccaletti, Valeria ; Narcisi, Alessandra ; Balato, Anna ; Caposiena Caro, Raffaele D. ; Barruscotti, Stefania ; Giunipero di Corteranzo, Isotta ; Ferrucci, Silvia M. ; Quaglino, Pietro ; Gisondi, Paolo ; Fraghì, Alessandro ; Marzano, Angelo V. ; Ibba, Luciano ; Mercuri, Santo R. ; Bianchi, Vittoria G. ; Bazzacco, Giulia ; Ribero, Simone ; Costanzo, Antonio ; Bellinato, Francesco ; Orsini, Diego ; Malagoli, Piergiorgio

Purpose of the article: Baricitinib, a JAK 1/2 inhibitor, is approved for treating severe alopecia areata (AA).This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of baricitinib in a real-world setting over 52 wk.Materials and methods: This multicenter retrospective study included 96 adult patients diagnosed with severe AA from 11 Italian Dermatol. Units.All patients received 4 mg of baricitinib daily.Effectiveness was assessed using the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score, with the primary endpoint defined as achieving a SALT score ≤ 20 at week 52.Secondary endpoints included achieving a Clinician-Reported Outcome (ClinRO) score of 0 or 1 for eyebrow (ClinRO EB) and eyelash hair loss (ClinRO EL), with a ≥ 2-point improvement from baseline.Results: After 52 wk, 61.5% of patients achieved a SALT score ≤ 20.Addnl., 67.6% and 69.7% of patients attained ClinRO EB and ClinRO EL scores of 0 or 1, resp., with a ≥ 2-point improvement.No significant adverse safety events were reported during the study.Conclusions: The study confirms the long-term effectiveness and safety of baricitinib for severe AA in a real-world setting.These findings align with clin. trial results and reinforce baricitinib′s role as a viable treatment option for severe AA.

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