King Faisal University

The changing length of days acts as evidence for animals to align their behavior, influencing their hormone production and preparing them for the seasonal changes. The current study aimed to examine the seasonal alterations in the testicular blood flow, semen quality, hormonal levels, and biochemical aspects in eight camels. Semen with seminal plasma collection, ultrasound and Doppler examination, blood collection, and hormonal measurement were performed for 6 months. This period was classified as three hottest months and three coolest ones. The temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated and considered ≥ 25.8. Estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in both serum and seminal plasma. Analysis of results revealed that motility (%) and sperm cell concentration (SCC) were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased during heat stress (HS), with an elevation of both testicular artery Doppler indices of resistance and pulsatility indices (RI and PI). The following variables were considerably (P < 0.05) reduced with HS: testicular volume (cm³), testicular echogenicity (TE), pixel heterogeneity (PH), testicular blood flow volume (TBFV), testicular blood flow rate (TBFR), and testicular colored areas (TCA). E2, T, and NO were lowered during HS compared to the coolest months. During HS, serum levels of SOD and CAT increased, whereas seminal plasma levels decreased. It could be concluded that the marked increase in Doppler indices (RI and PI) with a decline in TBFV and TBFR during the hottest months could be related to the decline of SOD and CAT in seminal plasma and their elevation in serum at the same period in male camels, as those markers could predict the animal's sperm output.

This study aimed for the first time to demonstrate the effects of combination of L-citrulline and sildenafil (L-Cit + S) on penile and testicular vascular perfusions in dogs regarding the semen quality and hormonal profile. Normospermic German Shepherd dogs were subdivided into three groups (n = 6/each); control group that injected 1 ml saline, second group subjected to L-Citrulline intravenous injection (L-Cit), and third one administrated oral dose of sildenafil with injected L-Cit (L-Cit + S). Dogs were examined at time points of assessment by hours. Semen collection, blood sampling, hormonal assaying, Doppler evaluation and testicular echo-texture analysis were performed. Testicular colored area (TCA) elevated significantly (P = 0.03) in L-Cit group at 8-120 h compared to other groups. While volume, echogenicity, and heterogeneity were not changed (P ≥ 0.05) among groups. Testicular and penile arteries Doppler indices were decreased (P = 0.01) in L-Cit group from 1 to 48 h with a sharp decrease (P = 0.01) was observed in L-Cit + S group within 1-8 h with a significant (P = 0.01) elevation of peak velocity and blood flow rate within the same hours in the same group. Motility % and sperm concentrations were increased (P = 0.02) at 4 h in third group. Circulating L-Cit levels were increased in second and third groups from 4 to 24 h, while S levels were (P = 0.01) increased from 1 to 4 h only in third group. An elevation of nitric oxide and estradiol levels was observed (P = 0.01) form 1 h in L-Cit + S group compared to other groups, while testosterone levels were increased (P = 0.01) from 1 h but rapidly declined till reach a lowest value at 48 h compared to other groups. Addition of L-citrulline to sildenafil demonstrated a more efficiency in improvement of blood flow, hormonal profile, and semen quality than using sildenafil alone due to the action of L-Cit on nitric oxide.

Exploring of the behavior of hydrogen bonds and their dynamics in systems with varying strengths through the analysis of their respective polarized infrared spectral density (SD) continues to be a subject of significant interest. This paper introduces a quantum model aimed at elucidating how the synergistic effects of vibrational modes and their interactions with the surrounding environment of the hydrogen bond can elucidate and theoretically replicate the SD of theυ_SN-H⃗ band in the crystals of the 3-phenylpyrazole (3PhPz) polymorphs, referred to as 'alpha' (α-3PhPz) and'beta' (β-3PhPz). In doing so, this study incorporates a quantum framework that encompasses various mechanisms commonly found in hydrogen-bonded systems: (i) a Morse potential is used to mimic the anharmonic behavior of the low-frequency mode, (ii) the fast mode is treated as exhibiting harmonic oscillation, (iii) an illustration depicting the effect of phase coherence delocalization on the absorption band,υ_SN-H⃗, resulting from the interplay between the two primary vibrational modes, the fast and slow modes, along with the way the bending and rapid modes interact, which gives rise to Fermi resonances, and (iv) the integration of the direct damping mechanism on the absorption band using the quantum method suggested by Rösch and Ranter, where the autocorrelation function (ACF) shows exponential decay over time. The SD is derived from Kubo's theory, which asserts that the SD is the transition dipole moment's Fourier transform of the ACF, defining the band contours of the mid-infrared absorption band. By employing a combination of parameters that accurately represent the various mechanisms considered in our model, numerical experiments validate the efficiency of this simple approach in describing the primary spectral characteristics of the υ_SN-H⃗ band in both 3PhPz polymorphs by anharmonically coupling the three main vibrational modes. Theoretical and/or experimentally significant results were utilized to substantiate the discussion regarding the validity of the used parameters. A strong correlation between the theoretical band contours and the experimental band shapes is demonstrated, along with an inherent analysis of the contribution of each mechanism to the overall spectral behavior.