Gilan University of Medical Sciences

Today, transmission of infection to healthcare workers is a health challenge and is of great importance. Standard precautions are the basic principles of infection control by following the principles of hand hygiene, using personal protective equipment such as gloves, gowns, glasses, masks, safe disposal of sharp and cutting tools, performing safe injections and respiratory precautions, which are from direct contact with the pathogen. Pathogens with the patient or nurse reduce the risk of transmission of infection. This is a narrative review study. Searching in the databases of Farsi-language publications of academic jihad (SID), Magiran, and English-language PubMed, as well as in the Google Scholar search engine. The search period was from 2005 to 2024. Nine articles that were in accordance with the objective of this study were selected and analyzed. Based on the evaluation of nine articles based on the objectives of the study, the challenges of nurses in complying with standard precautions based on the relevance and similarity of concepts include: lack of resources required to comply with standard precautions, lack of proper efficiency of nurses while using equipment, insufficient knowledge regarding compliance Standard precautions, limited time, and multiple roles and responsibilities were outlined. Nurses all over the world are trying to minimize the risk of infection for their patients and themselves. Therefore, providing on-the-job training, maintaining organizational structure, and supporting staff to have a proper understanding of infection prevention activities should be considered to achieve good adherence to infection prevention protocols.

Nausea serves as a protective mechanism in organisms to prevent excessive consumption of toxic substances. Due to the adverse effects of chemical anti-nausea drugs, there is a growing interest in using herbal remedies and natural antioxidants. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of quercetin (QU) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against oxidative damage induced by nausea. Emesis was induced in chickens using ipecac and copper sulfate (600 and 60 mg/kg, orally, respectively). QU and NAC (with doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg), and their combination were administered, along with a standard therapy (metoclopramide; MET 2 mg/kg) for one-time. Mitochondrial function, lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl (PC), glutathione level (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as oxidative damage biomarkers were evaluated in the chicken’s brain mitochondria. QU and NAC significantly reduced emesis induced by copper sulfate and ipecac compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Significant differences in oxidative damage were observed in the groups received of copper sulfate and ipecac compared with control group. Levels of LPO, ROS, and PC were significantly decreased after the administration of QU and NAC in emesis induced by copper sulfate and ipecac. While, mitochondrial function and GSH levels were increased after the administration of QU and NAC. Combination therapy with QU and NAC yielded the most effective results. This study suggests that QU and NAC possess antiemetic effects through both peripheral and central mechanisms and exhibit neuroprotective effects against oxidative brain damage induced by emesis by increasing plasma antioxidants or scavenging free radicals.

So far, several preliminary studies have been conducted on the effect of religious-spiritual education and care on the quality of life of women in different parts of Iran. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the effect of religious-spiritual education and care on the quality of life of Iranian women through systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases searched for studies related to the research objective include SID, MagIran, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, WoS, and Google Scholar. The search was performed using keywords linked to and validated with MeSH/Emtree with no time limit until April 2022. The I² index was used to calculate the heterogeneity of the studies and the random effects model was used to combine the data and perform the meta-analysis. Finally, 14 articles with a sample size of 295 intervention group and 288 control group were included in the meta-analysis. The mean score of the quality of life after the intervention showed a significant increase of 1.87 ± 0.29 (95% confidence interval) per unit (P < 0.001). Meta-regression results showed that with the increasing year of study and age, the standardized mean difference decreased and with increasing the number of intervention sessions, this difference increased (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that religious-spiritual education and care significantly increase the quality of life of Iranian women. Therefore, it seems that the use of religious-spiritual education and care can be part of the program to increase the quality of life of women.