Cuprous copper [Cu(I)] is an essential cofactor for enzymes that support many fundamental cellular functions including mitochondrial respiration and suppression of oxidative stress. Neurons are particularly reliant on mitochondrial production of ATP, with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, associated with diminished mitochondrial function. The gene
MBLAC1
encodes a ribonuclease that targets pre-mRNA of replication-dependent histones, proteins recently found in yeast to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I), and when mutated disrupt ATP production, elevates oxidative stress, and severely impacts cell growth. Whether this process supports neuronal and/or systemic physiology in higher eukaryotes is unknown. Previously, we identified
swip-10
, the putative
Caenorhabditis elegans
ortholog of
MBLAC1
, establishing a role for glial
swip-10
in limiting dopamine (DA) neuron excitability and sustaining DA neuron viability. Here, we provide evidence from computational modeling that SWIP-10 protein structure mirrors that of MBLAC1 and locates a loss of function coding mutation at a site expected to disrupt histone RNA hydrolysis. Moreover, we find through genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological studies that deletion of
swip-10
in worms negatively impacts systemic Cu(I) levels, leading to deficits in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, increased oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. These phenotypes can be offset in
swip-10
mutants by the Cu(I) enhancing molecule elesclomol and through glial expression of wildtype
swip-10
. Together, these studies reveal a glial-expressed pathway that supports systemic mitochondrial function and neuronal health via regulation of Cu(I) homeostasis, a mechanism that may lend itself to therapeutic strategies to treat devastating neurodegenerative diseases.