Vilagletistat

“ 点击蓝字 关注我们 王多伟 中国药科大学特聘副研究员，硕士生导师，药理学博士，曾于 2018 年赴美国医学院Albert Einstein College of Medical 从事博士后研究工作。目前已在国际重要学术期刊 PNAS、Gut、Cell Rep、Hepatology、Cancer Lett 等发表 SCI 论文 10 余篇。主持国家自然科学基金面上项目及青年项目各 1 项。主要研究方向为肝癌治疗靶标的发现和确证，抗体及新抗原疫苗等肝癌治疗产品的研发。 肝纤维化发生机制及相关治疗药物研究进展PPS  郭飞宇，王多伟 * （中国药科大学多靶标天然药物全国重点实验室，江苏 南京 211198） [摘要] 肝损伤引起的肝细胞死亡会导致肌成纤维细胞激活，进而分泌大量细胞外基质，造成肝纤维化。肝纤维化是慢性肝病向肝硬化发展过程中的关键步骤，但目前临床上公认有效的肝纤维化治疗药物较少。因此，深入了解肝纤维化的发生机制并寻找其新的治疗靶点十分重要。对肝纤维化发生机制以及临床治疗药物研究进展进行综述，以期为肝纤维化的预防和治疗提供参考。 1 引言 肝脏疾病每年导致全球近 200 万人死亡，对人类健康造成严重威胁 [1]。肝纤维化是病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝病、代谢功能障碍相关的脂肪性肝炎（metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis，MASH）、胆汁淤积性肝病等晚期慢性肝病的共同病理特征 [2]。肝损伤引起肝细胞大量死亡后，细胞外基质蛋白和纤维结缔组织会在肝脏中过度沉积，造成纤维化 [3-4]。随后，肝纤维化产生的过量纤维进一步改变肝脏结构，形成瘢痕和再生结节，从而导致肝功能异常和肝脏血流阻力增加 [5]。目前，临床有效的肝纤维化治疗药物较少，且局限于控制病因的药物和中药。因此，深入了解肝纤维化发生发展机制，寻找新的肝纤维化治疗靶点，对于解决肝纤维化治疗难题至关重要。本文对肝纤维化发生机制及临床治疗药物研究进展进行综述，旨在为肝纤维化的预防和治疗提供参考。 2 肝纤维化的发生机制 肝纤维化发生机制涉及多种复杂因素，主要包括肝细胞损伤、炎症反应、肝星状细胞（hepatic stellate cell，HSC）激活和细胞外基质沉积。其中肝损伤是肝纤维化发生的基础，当肝脏受到酒精、药物、病毒或代谢异常等刺激时，肝细胞遭受损伤，主要表现为细胞膜流动性降低和通透性增加以及线粒体受损。随后肝损伤引起白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-1β 等炎症因子释放，诱导 HSC 活化。激活的HSC 转化为肌成纤维细胞，迁移至损伤部位，加速增殖并分泌细胞外基质，导致纤维化的形成 [5]。以下将从慢性肝炎病毒感染、酒精性肝损伤、代谢功能障碍相关肝损伤和胆汁淤积性肝损伤 4 个方面介绍肝纤维化的发生机制。 2.1 慢性肝炎病毒感染 慢性肝炎病毒感染是影响全球数亿人的重要健康问题，其中慢性乙型肝炎患者数量超过 2.57 亿，慢性丙型肝炎患者数量超过 1.5 亿 [6]。慢性肝炎病毒感染可以进一步发展为肝纤维化，其机制主要涉及炎症反应和 HSC 的激活。  肝炎病毒感染可损伤肝细胞并直接引起炎症反应。乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus，HBV）感染肝细胞后，病毒的 X 蛋白通过髓样分化初级应答蛋白88（myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88，MyD88）途径促进 IL-6 的分泌，加剧肝脏炎症 [7]。而丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus，HCV）的核心蛋白和 NS3 蛋白通过 Toll 样受体 2（Toll like receptor 2，TLR2），激活 IL-1 受体相关激酶（IL-1 receptor-associated kinase，IRAK）和激活蛋白-1（activator protein-1，AP-1），引起炎症反应 [8]。同时，肝细胞被 HCV 感染后还可以分泌 C-C 基序趋化因子配体（C-C motif chemokine ligand，CCL）2 和 CCL21 等趋化因子，招募淋巴细胞，加剧肝脏炎症 [9]。慢性肝炎病毒除了通过感染并损伤肝细胞来引起炎症反应，还可以通过 HSC 加剧肝脏炎症，研究表明，在乙型肝炎肝纤维化晚期患者中，HSC通过前列腺素 E2（prostaglandin E2，PGE2）/前列腺素 E 受体 2（prostaglandin E receptor 2，EP2）途径以及 PEG2/EP4 途径增加肝组织中辅助性 T 细胞17（T helper cell 17，Th17）的数量 [10]，而 Th17 通过分泌IL-6、IL-17和IL-23等炎症因子，引发炎症[11]。此外，HSC 与 HCV 感染的肝细胞共培养时，HSC可通过分泌 IL-1α 上调肝细胞中 CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白 β（CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β，C/EBP β）的表达，促进肝细胞分泌 IL-6 等炎症因子，加剧肝脏炎症 [12]。以上研究表明，HBV 和 HCV 不仅可以直接损伤肝细胞、造成炎症，还可以通过HSC 间接作用于肝细胞，进而加剧肝脏炎症，最终促进肝纤维化进程 [13-15]。 HSC 的活化是肝纤维化形成的关键因素，激活的 HSC 转化为肌成纤维细胞 [16]，分泌细胞外基质，导致肝纤维化的形成。HBV 和 HCV 感染通过激活HSC 促进肝纤维化进程。HBV 的 X 蛋白通过 c-Jun氨基末端激酶（c-Jun N-terminal kinase，JNK）和细胞外信号调节激酶（extracellular signal-regulated kinase，ERK）信号通路，促进肝细胞分泌结缔组织生长因子（connective tissue growth factor，CTGF）等促纤维化因子，激活 HSC[17]，同时 HBV 感染的肝细胞还会通过分泌含有 miRNA-222 的外泌体激活 HSC[18]。感染 HCV 的肝细胞通过分泌转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β，TGF-β）和血小板衍生生长因子（platelet-derived growth factor，PDGF），诱导 HSC 活化，同时通过抑制自然杀伤细胞分泌 γ 干扰素（interferon-γ，IFN-γ）， 抑制HSC 的凋亡 [19]，从而促进肝纤维化进程。慢性肝炎病毒感染引起肝纤维化的过程复杂，其机制涉及多条信号通路的激活，相关信号通路及其激活机制与作用如表 1 所示。 2.2 酒精性肝损伤   全球每年约有 300 万人因有害使用酒精死亡，占总死亡人数的 5.3%。酒精可通过其代谢物乙醛、氧化应激反应、线粒体功能障碍、脂肪积聚和肠道微生物紊乱造成肝损伤，导致肝脏炎症并进一步发展为肝纤维化 [25]。  乙醇在肝脏中代谢产生乙醛，乙醛与肝细胞的蛋白质、核酸和脂质形成加合物，进而引起内质网应激反应与未折叠蛋白反应（unfolded protein response，UPR），造成肝细胞损伤 [26]。此外，长期饮酒会诱导细胞色素 P450 2E1（cytochrome P450 2E1，CYP2E1）表达增加，其产生 ROS，从而引起氧化应激反应，造成肝细胞损伤 [9]。乙醇摄入还会导致线粒体功能障碍，主要表现为线粒体去极化和线粒体自噬 [27]，线粒体功能障碍造成的能量代谢异常可促进 ROS 产生，引起氧化应激并损伤肝细胞。乙醇还可以通过激活固醇调节元件结合蛋白（sterol regulatory element binding protein，SREBP）1 或SREBP2，促进脂肪酸和胆固醇的合成，导致肝细胞积聚脂滴、小叶中心气球样病变和Mallory小体形成，引起肝损伤 [9]。有研究表明，乙醇及其代谢产物会导致微生物合成饱和长链脂肪酸减少，介导肠道微生物群紊乱，造成肝损伤 [28]。研究发现，粪肠球菌在酒精性肝炎患者粪便中显著增加，其分泌的溶细胞素会造成肝细胞损伤，且溶细胞素阳性的粪肠球菌数量与肝病的严重程度及患者死亡率呈显著正相关 [29]，以上研究表明肠道微生物失调在酒精性肝损伤中也扮演了重要角色。  肝细胞损伤后会释放损伤相关的分子模式（damage associated molecular pattern，DAMP），并通过 TLR4 造成肝脏炎症 [30]。另外，长期饮酒会引起肠道通透性增加和细菌过度繁殖，促进脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide，LPS）从肠道入血 [31]。LPS 作为一种内毒素，在肝脏中激活巨噬细胞的 TLR4，并通过 MyD88 依赖途径和 MyD88 非依赖途径，引起炎症反应 [32]。其中 MyD88 依赖途径通过激活巨噬细胞的 NF-κB 信号通路，诱导巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子 -α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）等炎症因子，导致炎症反应 [33]。在 MyD88 非依赖途径中，能诱导产生 β 干扰素的含 TIR 结构域的衔 接 蛋 白（TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β，TRIF）和 TRIF 相关接头分子（TRIFrelatedadaptor molecule，TRAM） 形成复合物，导致 κB 抑制因子激酶（inhibitor of κB kinase，IKK）的募集，诱导干扰素调节因子 3（interferon regulatory factor 3，IRF3）的磷酸化，从而诱导巨噬细胞分泌 IFN-β 等炎症因子 [34]，导致炎症反应。而 TNF-α 等炎症因子可以招募中性粒细胞和骨髓来源巨噬细胞（bone marrow-derived macrophage，BMDM），并促使其释放 ROS 和炎症因子，进一步加剧肝脏炎症。另外，这些炎症因子还会激活肌成纤维细胞，促进其分泌细胞外基质和 TGF-β 等促纤维化因子，促进肝纤维化进程 [35-36]（见图 1）。 2.3 代谢功能障碍相关肝损伤  代谢功能障碍相关的脂肪性肝病（metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease，MASLD）是常见的慢性肝脏疾病，全球患病率约为25%[37]，其主要病理特征为脂肪积累。肝细胞的脂肪积累可进一步导致肝细胞线粒体功能障碍、内质网应激和氧化应激，引起肝细胞损伤 [38]。MASLD中脂肪积累由脂肪酸转运蛋白（fatty acid transport protein，FATP）表达增加、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 γ（peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ，PPARγ）激活和蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏（methioninecholine-deficient，MCD）饮食引起。FATP主要负责促进脂肪酸的吸收，其在 MASLD 发展过程中表达增加。研究发现，敲除 FATP 可显著减轻高脂小鼠肝脏中脂肪积累，提示 FATP 在 MASLD 中发挥重要作用 [39]。PPARγ 是关键的脂肪生成调节因子，在MASLD 中被脂肪酸、二十烷酸和氧化磷脂激活 [40]，促进脂肪生成并导致脂肪积累。蛋氨酸和胆碱对磷脂和极低密度脂蛋白（very low density lipoprotein，VLDL）的合成十分重要，使用 MCD 饲料喂养动物，可以限制动物摄入蛋氨酸和胆碱，导致其肝细胞无法有效合成磷脂和分泌 VLDL，从而引起脂肪积累和肝脏损伤 [41]，表明蛋氨酸和胆碱是维持正常肝脏功能和脂肪代谢的重要营养素，MCD 通过抑制磷脂合成和 VLDL 分泌，引起脂肪积累。 MASH 由 MASLD 进展而来，全球患病率约为 3% ~ 5% [42]。与 MASLD 单纯的脂肪积累不同，MASH 的病理特征还包括炎症和纤维化，这与其过程中的炎症反应和 HSC 激活密切相关。 研究表明，MASH 通过内质网应激增加Caspase-2 表达，后者通过激活 SREBP，引起肝细胞中胆固醇与甘油三酯的过量积累，从而增加脂毒性，加剧肝脏炎症 [43]。研究表明，白细胞分化抗原36（cluster of differentiation 36，CD36） 在 MASH患者肝细胞质膜上表达增加。CD36 是一种脂肪酸转移酶，其棕榈酰化可以调节自身分布与功能，抑制 CD36 棕榈酰化不仅可以改善脂肪酸代谢紊乱，还能减轻炎症反应，为 MASH 提供了新的治疗策略 [44]。临床上，MASH 患者常出现肠道通透性增加，这导致 LPS 可以通过门静脉进入肝脏，LPS 的入侵进一步激活 Kupffer 细胞，促使其产生 IL-1β、TNF-β、IL-6 等促炎因子，并招募单核细胞，最终加剧肝脏炎症 [45]。 MASH 中的炎症状态诱导免疫细胞释放PDGF、TGF-β、TNF-α、IL-1 等细胞因子，并通过诱导 HSC 的活化与增殖促进肝纤维化进程。研究显示，用脂肪酸处理的 HepG2 细胞，在缺氧诱导因子 -1α（hypoxia inducible factor-1α，HIF-1α）的稳定剂氯化钴的化学诱导下发生缺氧后，可以分泌细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicle，EV），激活 LX-2细胞，这表明 MASH 中局部的缺氧环境可能通过促进肝细胞分泌 EV 激活 HSC，从而促进肝纤维化进程 [46]。同时，研究发现 MASH 患者中骨形态发生蛋白 8B（bone morphogenetic protein 8B，BMP8B）表达增 加，BMP8B 属于 TGF-β 超家族，其可通过SMAD2/3 和 SMAD1/5/9 途径激活 HSC，造成肝纤维化。鉴于健康肝脏中 BMP8B 表达较低，抑制 BMP8B 可能成为 MASH 的潜在治疗方法 [47]。此外，高脂高糖饮食引起的肠道菌群失调通过促进病原体相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular pattern，PAMP）释放，激活 TLR 信号通路，诱导HSC 活化，促进肝纤维化进程 [48]。 2.4 胆汁淤积性肝损伤 胆汁淤积性肝病是由胆汁淤积、胆管进行性破坏和持续肝内炎症引起的一类慢性肝病，可进一步发展为肝纤维化和胆汁性肝硬化 [49]。此类疾病包括原发性胆汁性肝硬化（primary biliary cirrhosis，PBC）和原发性硬化性胆管炎（primary sclerosing cholangitis，PSC），其主要病理特征为胆汁分泌异常和胆管阻塞 [50]。在不同地区，PBC 的患病率为 1.91/100 000 ~ 40.2/100 000，而 PSC 的患病率为 0 ~ 31.7/100 000[51]。胆汁淤积性肝损伤引起肝纤维化的机制主要涉及胆汁酸淤积和胆管反应。  胆汁酸淤积是肝纤维化发展过程中的关键起始因素，由胆管阻塞或胆汁分泌异常引起，可以诱导线粒体产生氧化应激，从而引起线粒体受损和细胞死亡。胆汁酸转运蛋白在维持胆汁酸稳态方面起重要作用，可以避免肝脏中的胆汁酸淤积 [9]，但在胆汁淤积性肝损伤中，维生素 D 受体（vitamin D receptor，VDR）可通过抑制胆盐输出泵（bile salt export pump，BSEP）的表达，引起胆汁酸淤积，加剧肝脏炎症 [52]。  胆汁酸淤积还会引起胆管反应，并促进肌成纤维细胞的活化和增殖 [53]，胆管反应以胆管细胞增殖、基质变化和炎症细胞浸润为主要病理特征。胆汁淤积引起的炎症反应会促进骨髓来源的IBA1+CD16lowCD163low 巨噬细胞浸润至肝脏非实质区，激活胆管反应 [54]。胆管反应可以促进胆管上皮细胞分泌 TGF-β、CTGF、血小板衍生生长因子B 亚基（platelet-derived growth factor-BB，PDGFBB）和内皮素-1（endothelin-1，ET-1），形成复杂的细胞因子网络，诱导 HSC 转化为肌成纤维细胞，并促进肌成纤维细胞增殖 [55]。此外，研究表明，胆汁来源的 NF-κB 诱导激酶（NF-κB-inducing kinase，NIK）在胆管反应中起调节作用，通过 IL1β、IL-4、IL-6、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（induciblenitric oxide synthase，iNOS）、TNF-α、CCL2 和TGF-β 等细胞因子激活巨噬细胞与 HSC，发挥促炎促纤维化作用 [56]。 3 肝纤维化治疗药物相关研究 当前，肝纤维化的治疗药物主要通过对致病因素（如病毒、乙醇、代谢功能障碍）的根除，以及对肝纤维化病灶的治疗和对疾病发展过程的遏制与逆转，保护肝脏结构与功能。以下根据肝纤维化药物的作用靶点，从抗病毒、抗酒精性肝损伤、代谢调节及抗纤维化 4 个方面对已经批准上市和处于临床研究阶段的肝纤维化治疗药物进行总结。肝纤维化因其病因复杂以及治疗难度大，目前临床上有效的治疗药物较少，仅有一种药物 [ 瑞司美替罗（resmetirom）] 上市，而 selonsertib、emricasan、irbesartan、cenicriviroc 等临床候选药物已被陆续宣告其临床研究的失败 [49]，因此，肝纤维化治疗药物的研发仍是重点及难点。 3.1 抗病毒药物 对于由病毒性肝炎引起的肝纤维化，抗病毒治疗是首选方法。有效的抗病毒治疗可以减少病毒复制，从而减轻肝脏的炎症和纤维化。目前，抗 HBV药物聚乙二醇干扰素 α-2a[57] 和抗 HCV 药物利巴韦林 [58] 已获批上市。此外，Cai 等 [59] 报道了抗肝纤维化新药羟尼酮（hydronidone）用于治疗乙型肝炎肝纤维化患者的Ⅱ期临床研究结果。该研究采用随机、双盲、对照试验方案，将恩替卡韦（entecavir）作为基础治疗药物，3 种不同剂量的羟尼酮作为联合治疗药物。结果显示，使用中剂量（270 mg · d-1）的羟尼酮进行联合治疗取得了 56.1% 的肝纤维化逆转率，因此，羟尼酮针对乙型肝炎纤维化的治疗极具前景。目前该药的临床研究已推进至Ⅲ期。 3.2 抗酒精性肝损伤药物 过量饮酒是肝病发生的主要原因之一 [60]，酗酒会导致一系列肝损伤，其被统称为酒精相关肝病。近年来，酒精性肝损伤发展至肝纤维化的发病率呈上升趋势。 目前，已有治疗酒精性肝病的药物上市，包括美他多辛（metadoxine）、还原型谷胱甘肽钠（reduced glutathione sodium）和硫普罗宁（tiopronin）。研究表明，美他多辛可以通过激活乙醛脱氢酶，促进乙醇和乙醛的代谢，从而减少乙醇和乙醛毒性作用时间，治疗酒精性肝损伤 [61]。其也可以发挥抗氧化作用，进而预防由乙醇和乙醛引起的谷胱甘肽耗竭，维持胞内的氧化还原平衡，并降低 TNF-α 水平，从而治疗酒精性肝损伤 [62]。硫普罗宁可通过促进乙醇代谢，抑制甘油三酯在肝脏中的积聚，维持肝细胞谷胱甘肽浓度以及抑制过氧化物的产生，从而治疗酒精性肝损伤 [63]。  坎地沙坦（candesartan）作为一种抗肾素药物，可以阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ 1 型受体（angiotensin II type 1 receptor，AT1-R）。有研究选取了 85 例经肝活检确诊的酒精性肝损伤相关的中度肝纤维化患者并随机分组，进行坎地沙坦和熊去氧胆酸联合治疗或单独给予熊去氧胆酸治疗。采用 Laennec 组织病理学分级系统进行评估，坎地沙坦组在肝纤维化的组织学改善方面显著优于对照组（33.3% vs 11.6%，P = 0.020）；此 外，采 用 NAS 评分系统进行分析，结果显示坎地沙坦组的纤维化评分从治疗前的（3.4±1.4）降至（3.1±1.5）（P = 0.005），而 对照组无显著变化 [64]。上述结果表明坎地沙坦对酒精性肝纤维化患者具有治疗作用。  瑞沙托维（resatorvid）作为 TLR4 的抑制剂，可以与 TLR4 胞内区域结合，从而抑制 LPS 引起的炎症反应与肝细胞损伤，并减少 TNF-α 和 IL-6 等炎症因子产生，进而减少肝细胞死亡 [65]。此外，瑞沙托维还可以抑制成纤维细胞的分化与胶原合成 [66]，提示该药对肝纤维化有潜在的治疗效果。已有研究表明，瑞沙托维可抑制小鼠的肝纤维化进程 [67]。目前，该候选药物正处于治疗酒精性肝病的Ⅱ期临床研究阶段。  3.3 代谢调节剂 MASLD 和 MASH 是由代谢性疾病引起的进行性慢性肝脏疾病，可导致肝脏炎症和纤维化，最终演变为肝硬化和肝细胞癌。甲状腺激素在调节肝脏脂代谢中起关键作用，β 型甲状腺激素抵抗（resistance to thyroid hormone β，RTHβ）综合征患者由于 THR 基因突变，导致肝脏对甲状腺激素的敏感性降低。研究表明 RTHβ 患者循环中的游离脂肪酸浓度升高，肝脏中出现脂肪变性，该研究结果提示甲状腺激素对肝脏脂质代谢具有重要作用，并为针对甲状腺激素受体-β（thyroid hormone receptor-β，THR-β） 的选择性激动剂的开发提供了依据 [68]。研究表明，甲状腺功能减退症可能是 MASH 发病的驱动因素 [69]。生理条件下，甲状腺释放的四碘甲状腺原氨酸（T4）被碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶 1（deiodinase，DIO1）脱碘为肝脏中代谢活跃的游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）。游离 T3 可以和 THR-β 结合，并促进其与类视黄醇 X 受体（retinoid X receptor，RXR）形成异二聚体，从而改变肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1（carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1，CPT1）的转录。而 CPT1 可通过调节线粒体脂肪酸氧化以及抑制固醇调节元件结合转录因子 1（sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1，Srebf1）活性，减少脂肪生成。而在 MASH 和晚期纤维化患者中，肝内甲状腺激素信号传导受损，这会抑制 DIO1 将游离 T4 转化为游离 T3，并促进 DIO3 将游离 T4 转化为无活性反向T3（rT3），从而导致脂毒性物质的进一步积累 [69-70]。瑞司美替罗是一种靶向肝脏、小分子口服的 THR-β选择性激动剂，其摄取过程由肝脏特异性的有机阴离子转运多肽1B1（organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1，OATP1B1）介导，可以模拟甲状腺激素对 THR-β 的激动作用，降低肝脏脂质含量，缓解肝脏炎症和纤维化 [69-70]。 3.4 抗纤维化药物 抗纤维化药物针对肝纤维化的病灶及发展过程进行遏制与逆转，从而保护肝脏结构与功能，该类药物包括奥贝胆酸（obeticholic acid）和氟非尼酮（fluorofenidone）。  氟非尼酮是一种小分子吡啶类药物，具有广谱抗纤维化和抗炎作用。其可作用于活化的 HSC，靶向 TGF-β1 介导的细胞信号通路，减轻肝纤维化。同时，氟非尼酮对肝纤维化大鼠有显著的治疗作用，能明显减轻其肝损伤及纤维化程度，减轻肝小叶的结构破坏及汇管区纤维组织的异常增生 [71]。 Intercept Pharmaceuticals 公司已提交将奥贝胆酸用于治疗肝纤维化的上市申请。奥贝胆酸是鹅去氧胆酸（chenodiol，CDCA）的类似物，具有胆汁酸样特性，因此可以通过肠肝循环在肝脏和胃中激活法尼醇X 受体（farnesoid X receptor，FXR），从而治疗肝脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化并提高胰岛素敏感性 [72]。  此外，利福昔明-α 是一种不可吸收的抗生素，目前已成为酒精性肝纤维化的一种潜在治疗药物 [73]。其主要通过减少酒精性肝损伤中肠道菌群的促纤维化作用，抑制 LPS 对 TLR4 的激活，进而减少 HSC和内皮细胞产生纤连蛋白 [74]，由此治疗酒精性肝损伤相关的肝纤维化。目前已开展该药治疗酒精性肝损伤相关的肝纤维化的Ⅱ期临床试验 [75]。 3.5 小结 随着对肝纤维化发生发展机制认识的不断加深，针对该疾病领域的药物研发也呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。表 2 总结了当前处于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床阶段及已上市的常见肝纤维化治疗药物的相关信息，包括其药物类型、作用机制、适应证和研发阶段（见表2）。 4 结语与展望 肝纤维化是慢性肝病进程中的关键步骤，其导致肝脏结构和功能异常，严重影响患者的生存率和生活质量。肝损伤是肝纤维化发展的基础，本文从慢性肝炎病毒感染、酒精性肝损伤、代谢功能障碍相关肝损伤和胆汁淤积性肝损伤 4 个角度系统地介绍了肝纤维化的发生机制。在肝纤维化治疗方面，目前临床有效药物较少，大部分处于研究阶段。本文根据肝纤维化药物的作用靶点，从抗病毒药物、抗酒精性肝损伤药物、代谢调节剂及抗纤维化药物4 个方面总结了目前已上市以及处于临床研究阶段的肝纤维化治疗药物。  肝纤维化常出现在外界因素刺激引起的肝细胞损伤之后，因此预防和治疗肝纤维化的首要策略是祛除引起肝脏慢性损伤的病因，例如治疗慢性肝炎病毒感染、酒精性肝损伤和非酒精性肝损伤。HSC的活化和增殖是肝纤维化过程中的重要环节，因此可以通过靶向 HSC 活化，研发抗纤维化药物。另外，已有大量实验及临床研究表明，肝纤维化具有可逆性，因此该疾病的治疗或可通过调节肝纤维化的逆转来实现。 参考文献： [1]  Asrani S K, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, et al. 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A study to test safety and efficacy of BI456906 in adults with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis (F1-F3)[EB/OL]. [2024-05-20]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/ NCT04771273. 美编排版：朱玲欣 感谢您阅读《药学进展》微信平台原创好文，也欢迎各位读者转载、引用。本文选自《药学进展》2024年第11期。 《药学进展》杂志由国家教育部主管、中国药科大学和中国药学会共同主办，中国科技核心期刊（中国科技论文统计源期刊）。刊物以反映药学科研领域的新方法、新成果、新进展、新趋势为宗旨，以综述、评述、行业发展报告为特色，以药学学科进展、技术进展、新药研发各环节技术信息为重点，是一本专注于医药科技前沿与产业动态的专业媒体。 《药学进展》注重内容策划、加强组稿约稿、深度挖掘、分析药学信息资源、在药学学科进展、科研思路方法、靶点机制探讨、新药研发报告、临床用药分析、国际医药前沿等方面初具特色；特别是医药信息内容以科学前沿与国家战略需求相合，更加突出前瞻性、权威性、时效性、新颖性、系统性、实战性。根据最新统计数据，刊物篇均下载率连续三年蝉联我国医药期刊榜首，复合影响因子1.216，具有较高的影响力。 《药学进展》编委会由国家重大专项化学药总师陈凯先院士担任主编，编委由新药研发技术链政府监管部门、高校科研院所、制药企业、临床医院、CRO、金融资本及知识产权相关机构近两百位极具影响力的专家组成。 联系《药学进展》↓↓↓ 编辑部官网：pps.cpu.edu.cn； 邮箱：yxjz@163.com； 电话：025-83271227。 欢迎投稿、订阅！ 往期推荐 聚焦“兴药为民·2023生物医药创新融合发展大会”“兴药为民·2023生物医药创新融合发展大会”盛大启幕！院士专家齐聚杭城，绘就生物医药前沿赛道新蓝图“兴药强刊”青年学者论坛暨《药学进展》第二届青年编委会议成功召开“兴药为民·2023生物医药创新融合发展大会”路演专场圆满收官！校企合作新旅程已启航 我知道你在看哟

The growing comprehension of the pathogenesis of celiac disease has paved the way for the exploration of alternative treatment strategies. These novel approaches are aimed at addressing the condition at its root cause, targeting the underlying mechanisms that trigger the immune response in individuals with celiac disease. These innovative approaches hold the promise of transforming the landscape of celiac disease treatment in the near future. LAS VEGAS, Nov. 19, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- DelveInsight's ' Celiac Disease Pipeline Insight 2024 ' report provides comprehensive global coverage of pipeline celiac disease therapies in various stages of clinical development, major pharmaceutical companies are working to advance the pipeline space and future growth potential of the celiac disease pipeline domain. Key Takeaways from the Celiac Disease Pipeline Report DelveInsight's celiac disease pipeline report depicts a robust space with 25+ active players working to develop 30+ pipeline therapies for celiac disease treatment. Key celiac disease companies such as Takeda, Sanofi, Entero Therapeutics, Pfizer, Topas Therapeutics, Anokion SA, Protagonist Therapeutics, Equillium, Theriva Biologics, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Immunic, Mozart Therapeutics, Nemysis Ltd, Barinthus Biotherapeutics, Parvus Therapeutics, Kallyope, AMYRA Biotech AG, Forte Biosciences, LAPIX Therapeutics, Ahead Therapeutics, Allero Therapeutics, STEMCELL Technologies, IM Therapeutics, Provid Pharmaceuticals, Sigmoid Pharma, Janssen Biotech, Inc., Lumen Bioscience, IGY Life Sciences, Ahead Therapeutics, ANTOLRX, Imcyse, and others are evaluating new celiac disease drugs to improve the treatment landscape. Promising Celiac Disease pipeline therapies such as TAK-101, TAK-062, PRV-015, Latiglutenase, TAK-227, Ritlecitinib, TPM-502, KAN 101, PTG-100, EQ 102, SYN-020, DONQ52, CALY-002, IMU-856, MTX-101, E 40-02, VTP-1000, PVT-301, Research Program: Celiac disease, AMY02, FB 102, LPX-TIGI, AT 1718, ALL-001, SQZ TACs, Research Program: small molecule therapeutics, Research Program: DQ2/8, Research Program: SmPillformulations, Research Program: autoimmune disease therapeutics, IgY-112, AT 1715, Research programme: Celiac disease, and others are under different phases of Celiac Disease clinical trials. In October 2024, Topas Therapeutics announced positive topline results from its Phase IIa trial of TPM502, in patients with celiac disease. The study data serves as the first clinical proof of concept for Topas' proprietary nanoparticle platform and its potential to induce targeted, antigen-specific tolerogenic effects. In September 2024, Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel immunotherapeutic candidates that guide T cells to control disease, announced the initiation of its first-in-human Phase I trial of VTP-1000 in adults with coeliac disease. In May 2024, Entero Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly First Wave BioPharma, Inc.) unveiled its new corporate name and website. The rebranding follows the recent business combination with ImmunogenX and reflects the Company's focus on addressing unmet needs in GI health that include celiac disease, an indication for which there are no approved medicines today. In March 2024, First Wave BioPharma announced the acquisition of ImmunogenX in an all-stock transaction with the combined company focused on advancing a GI pipeline comprised of multiple, late-stage clinical assets, including latiglutenase, a potentially first-in-class, near Phase III-ready, targeted, oral biotherapeutic for celiac disease. In February 2024, with the approval of the SQZ transaction, STEMCELL acquired substantially all of SQZ's assets including its entire portfolio of over 400 patents and trademarks, other intellectual property such as copyrights and trade secrets, proprietary equipment, and its head license with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In January 2024, Calypso Biotech BV announced that it had entered into an agreement to be acquired by Novartis AG ('Novartis'). Calypso's shareholders received an upfront payment of $250 million upon closing and are eligible to receive development milestones of up to $175 million based on the achievement of certain predetermined milestones. The acquisition gives Novartis full rights to CALY-002. Novartis intends to further explore CALY-002 across a wide variety of autoimmune indications with high unmet medical needs. Request a sample and discover the recent advances in celiac disease treatment drugs @ Celiac Disease Pipeline Report The celiac disease pipeline report provides detailed profiles of pipeline assets, a comparative analysis of clinical and non-clinical stage celiac disease drugs, inactive and dormant assets, a comprehensive assessment of driving and restraining factors, and an assessment of opportunities and risks in the celiac disease clinical trial landscape. Celiac Disease Overview Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. In individuals with celiac disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the small intestine upon gluten consumption, leading to inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining, specifically the villi, which are essential for nutrient absorption. The exact cause of celiac disease is not fully understood, but it is known to involve a combination of genetic predisposition (usually associated with HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 genes) and environmental factors. Common symptoms of celiac disease include digestive issues such as diarrhea, bloating, gas, constipation, and abdominal pain. However, some individuals experience non-digestive symptoms, like fatigue, anemia, joint pain, skin rashes, and even neurological issues such as headaches or depression. Because of this broad symptom range, celiac disease is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as other conditions. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to detect specific antibodies (like tissue transglutaminase antibodies) and, if positive, is followed by an intestinal biopsy to confirm damage to the villi. Genetic testing may also be conducted in some cases to identify predispositions. The primary treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. By avoiding gluten, individuals with celiac disease can heal intestinal damage and prevent symptoms and complications. However, adherence to this diet requires vigilance, as even small amounts of gluten can trigger symptoms and damage. Find out more about celiac disease treatment drugs @ Drugs for Celiac Disease Treatment A snapshot of the Celiac Disease Pipeline Drugs mentioned in the report: Learn more about the emerging celiac disease pipeline therapies @ Celiac Disease Clinical Trials Celiac Disease Therapeutics Assessment The celiac disease pipeline report proffers an integral view of the celiac disease emerging novel therapies segmented by stage, product type, molecule type, mechanism of action, and route of administration. Scope of the Celiac Disease Pipeline Report Coverage: Global Therapeutic Assessment By Product Type: Mono, Combination, Mono/Combination Therapeutic Assessment By Clinical Stages: Discovery, Pre-clinical, Phase I, Phase II, Phase III Therapeutics Assessment By Route of Administration: Oral, Intravenous, Subcutaneous, Parenteral, Topical Therapeutics Assessment By Molecule Type: Recombinant fusion proteins, Small molecule, Monoclonal antibody, Peptide, Polymer, Gene therapy Therapeutics Assessment By Mechanism of Action: Gliadin inhibitors, Gluten modulators, Transglutaminase 2 inhibitors, Emt protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Janus kinase 3 inhibitors, Alpha4beta7 integrin antagonists, Interleukin 15 inhibitors, Interleukin 21 inhibitors, Alkaline phosphatase replacements, HLA-DQ antigen inhibitors Key Celiac Disease Companies: Takeda, Sanofi, Entero Therapeutics, Pfizer, Topas Therapeutics, Anokion SA, Protagonist Therapeutics, Equillium, Theriva Biologics, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Immunic, Mozart Therapeutics, Nemysis Ltd, Barinthus Biotherapeutics, Parvus Therapeutics, Kallyope, AMYRA Biotech AG, Forte Biosciences, LAPIX Therapeutics, Ahead Therapeutics, Allero Therapeutics, STEMCELL Technologies, IM Therapeutics, Provid Pharmaceuticals, Sigmoid Pharma, Janssen Biotech, Inc., Lumen Bioscience, IGY Life Sciences, Ahead Therapeutics, ANTOLRX, Imcyse, and others. Key Celiac Disease Pipeline Therapies: TAK-101, TAK-062, PRV-015, Latiglutenase, TAK-227, Ritlecitinib, TPM-502, KAN 101, PTG-100, EQ 102, SYN-020, DONQ52, CALY-002, IMU-856, MTX-101, E 40-02, VTP-1000, PVT-301, Research Program: Celiac disease, AMY02, FB 102, LPX-TIGI, AT 1718, ALL-001, SQZ TACs, Research Program: small molecule therapeutics, Research Program: DQ2/8, Research Program: SmPillformulations, Research Program: autoimmune disease therapeutics, IgY-112, AT 1715, Research programme: Celiac disease, and others. Dive deep into rich insights for new drugs for celiac disease treatment, visit @ Celiac Disease Drugs Table of Contents For further information on the celiac disease pipeline therapeutics, reach out @ Celiac Disease Treatment Drugs Related Reports Celiac Disease Epidemiology Celiac Disease Epidemiology Forecast – 2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted celiac disease epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. Celiac Disease Market Celiac Disease Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034 report deliver an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, market share of the individual therapies, and key celiac disease companies including Entero Therapeutics, Amgen, Provention Bio, Takeda, among others. Sjogren's Syndrome Market Sjogren's Syndrome Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the market trends, market drivers, market barriers, and key Sjogren's syndrome companies including Horizon Therapeutics (Amgen), Dompe Farmaceutici, Sylentis, MorphoSys, Resolve Therapeutics, OSE Immunotherapeutics, Servier, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson , among others. Sjogren's Syndrome Pipeline Sjogren's Syndrome Pipeline Insight – 2024 report provides comprehensive insights about the pipeline landscape, pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and non-clinical stage products, and the key Sjogren's syndrome companies, including Novartis, Horizon Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Rise Therapeutics, Resolve Therapeutics, Dompe Farmaceutici, among others. About DelveInsight DelveInsight is a leading Business Consultant and Market Research firm focused exclusively on life sciences. It supports pharma companies by providing comprehensive end-to-end solutions to improve their performance. Get hassle-free access to all the healthcare and pharma market research reports through our subscription-based platform PharmDelve . Contact Us Shruti Thakur [email protected] +14699457679 Logo: SOURCE DelveInsight Business Research, LLP WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED