A review.In a global effort to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, a diverse number of strategies may reduce viral transmission.Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) slow down epidemic spread without necessarily stopping it.In the absence of a distributed vaccine or highly effective antiviral, NPIs form one of the few readily available tactics we can employ to delay and/or reduce the spread.NPIs, however, have no influence on ones immunity to SARS-CoV-2, which is attained in one of two ways-infection, or immunization.As SARSCoV-2 infection probably does not result in lifelong immunity, the necessity for a therapy that might prevent transmission is of importance.INNA-051 is a synthetic antiviral that stimulates the innate immune system, also by binding to TLR-2 on the mucosa of airway epithelial cells.In the study, 24 female ferrets were split into 4 groups of 6.Groups 1 and 2 received different i.n. doses of INNA-051, group 3 received a mixed i.n. dose of INNA-051 and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and group 4 (the control group) received i.n. PBS 4 days prior to an i.n. SARS-CoV-2 challenge.The ferrets were then inoculated with SARS-CoV-2.No adverse reactions were seen during this period.At 5 days post-challenge (pc), all INNA-051-treated groups had reduced viral RNA levels (>10-fold in comparison to the control group).Beyond 10 days pc, levels of viral RNA were below the limit of quantification in all treatment groups.INNA-051-treated groups were combined into a single data set and then compared to the control group.Group 2, having received two 1 mL doses at 20 mg/mL (low dose), demonstrated the most favorable results.There was a 96% and 93% virus reduction in throat swabs and nasal washes, resp., compared to untreated ferrets (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0107).Such pos. results in a ferret model may be indicative of the antivirals potential success in human trials.Like humans, ferrets express the metallopeptidase entry receptor for the virus, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).These findings exemplify an encouraging potential for intranasal treatments to combat transmission and initial infection of SARS-CoV-2.Such an advance would be most beneficial for those that have an elevated risk of acquiring infection, such as elderly residents living in close communities, ie, those who are both susceptible and vulnerable.At the very least, the notion of intranasal prophylaxis has exhibited the potential to open doors to promising innovative paths for forthcoming investigation.