Introduction::Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a major
global health issue. Its complex pathology, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, leads to
neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Since Aβ plays a major role in AD, therapies targeting its
production, aggregation, and clearance are being actively explored. This review discusses recent
advances in gene therapy, enzyme inhibitors, molecular modeling, and nano-delivery systems
aimed at modifying AD progression, highlighting their potential and challenges.
Methods::This review compiles findings on BACE1 and γ-secretase inhibitors, gene therapies that
modify amyloid metabolism, and combination therapies. Studies have been selected based on their
focus on Aβ regulation and their impact on disease progression, cognitive function, and breakthroughs
in diagnostics, molecular modeling, and drug delivery for neurodegenerative conditions.
Results::BACE1 inhibitors, such as verubecestat, and γ-secretase inhibitors, shows potential, however,
they face significant challenges related to BBB penetration and adverse effects. Gene therapies
using AAV vectors and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies are promising, particularly for individuals
genetically predisposed to these diseases. Combination therapies targeting amyloid, tau, and
neuro-inflammation have emerged as effective approaches. Advancements in PET, SPECT, MRI,
small molecule probes, molecular modeling, and nano-particle-based drug delivery are improving
diagnostic and treatment options.
Discussion::The findings emphasize the multifactorial complexity of amyloid disorders and the
limitations of mono-therapies. While certain agents demonstrated efficacy in early disease stages,
most treatments have failed in advanced phases due to poor central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability,
adverse effects, or insufficient target engagement. Novel delivery systems, combination
therapies, and computational design approaches offer enhanced translational potential. However,
challenges such as immune responses, delivery efficiency, and off-target effects continue to pose
significant barriers.
Conclusion::Aβ-targeted therapies, including enzyme inhibitors and gene therapies, hold promise,
though challenges such as BBB penetration and toxicity still remain. Combination therapies,
along with advancements in diagnostics and drug delivery technology, are essential for finding effective
treatments for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Future research
should prioritize overcoming the persistent barriers to BBB penetration, enhancing therapeutic
selectivity, and refining drug delivery systems to enable more precise, targeted interventions,
to ultimately reduce the progression of disease at the molecular level.