A Phase I/II Study to Evaluate the Safety and Anti-Tumor Activity of ADCT-602 Targeting CD22 in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

This phase I/II trial studies the side effects and best dose of ADCT-602 in treating patients with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia that has come back or does not respond to treatment. Monoclonal antibodies, such as ADCT-602, may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread.

开始日期2018-08-24

申办/合作机构

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

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100 项与 Epratuzumab-cys-tesirine 相关的临床结果

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100 项与 Epratuzumab-cys-tesirine 相关的转化医学

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100 项与 Epratuzumab-cys-tesirine 相关的专利（医药）

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项与 Epratuzumab-cys-tesirine 相关的文献（医药）

2024-04-02·Molecular Cancer Therapeutics

ADCT-602, a Novel PBD Dimer–containing Antibody–Drug Conjugate for Treating CD22-positive Hematologic Malignancies

Article

作者: Corbett, Simon ; Sachini, Nikoleta ; Tarantelli, Chiara ; Zammarchi, Francesca ; van Berkel, Patrick H. ; Golino, Gaetanina ; Santos, Kathleen ; Hartley, John A. ; Tyrer, Peter ; Spriano, Filippo ; Gaudio, Eugenio ; Cascione, Luciano ; Bertelli, Francois ; Janghra, Narinder ; Idusogie, Esohe ; Bertoni, Francesco ; Chivers, Simon ; Havenith, Karin E.

AbstractRelapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R B-ALL) and lymphomas have poor patient outcomes; novel therapies are needed. CD22 is an attractive target for antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), being highly expressed in R/R B-ALL with rapid internalization kinetics. ADCT-602 is a novel CD22-targeting ADC, consisting of humanized mAb hLL2-C220, site specifically conjugated to the pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer–based payload tesirine. In preclinical studies, ADCT-602 demonstrated potent, specific cytotoxicity in CD22-positive lymphomas and leukemias. ADCT-602 was specifically bound, internalized, and trafficked to lysosomes in CD22-positive tumor cells; after cytotoxin release, DNA interstrand crosslink formation persisted for 48 hours. In the presence of CD22-positive tumor cells, ADCT-602 caused bystander killing of CD22-negative tumor cells. A single ADCT-602 dose led to potent, dose-dependent, in vivo antitumor activity in subcutaneous and disseminated human lymphoma/leukemia models. Pharmacokinetic analyses (rat and cynomolgus monkey) showed excellent stability and tolerability of ADCT-602. Cynomolgus monkey B cells were efficiently depleted from circulation after one dose. Gene signature association analysis revealed IRAK1 as a potential marker for ADCT-602 resistance. Combining ADCT-602 + pacritinib was beneficial in ADCT-602–resistant cells. Chidamide increased CD22 expression on B-cell tumor surfaces, increasing ADCT-602 activity. These data support clinical testing of ADCT-602 in R/R B-ALL (NCT03698552) and CD22-positive hematologic cancers.

项与 Epratuzumab-cys-tesirine 相关的新闻（医药）

2024-08-30

·生物制品圈

临床中的抗体药物偶联物

摘要：抗体药物偶联物（ADCs）是一种将化疗药物与抗体结合以增强其对肿瘤的靶向输送的疗法，代表了癌症治疗中的一项重大进步。ADCs结合了抗体的精确靶向能力和化疗的强大细胞杀伤效果，允许在最小化对健康组织损害的同时增强对肿瘤的细胞毒性。在这里，我们提供了ADCs当前临床概况的概述，重点介绍了11种美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准的产品，并讨论了超过500项正在研究新型ADCs的活跃临床试验。我们还讨论了与ADCs临床转化相关的一些关键挑战，并强调了克服这些障碍的新兴策略。我们的讨论将为未来开发更安全、更有效的ADCs提供有用的指导，以用于更广泛的适应症范围。本综述旨在提供当前抗体药物偶联物（ADCs）的临床概况概述，ADCs是一种新兴的靶向癌症治疗方式。我们讨论了FDA批准的ADC产品，并强调了基于它们的适应症、抗体类型、靶点抗原和有效载荷的多样化新型调查ADCs在活跃的临床试验中，同时也概述了ADC开发中的挑战。总的来说，本综述提供了对ADCs在临床中当前状态的理解，同时促进了改进ADC开发的研究计划。 1.引言癌症长期以来一直是全球性的挑战，被认为是全球第二大死亡原因，占死亡总数的六分之一。传统的治疗方法——手术、放疗和化疗——几十年来一直是癌症管理的基石。然而，它们的效果受到多种因素的阻碍，例如癌症诊断时的阶段（限制了手术的可行性）、对健康细胞、器官和组织的损害（放疗和化疗的后果），以及药物抗性的产生（化疗的挑战）。此外，这些治疗倾向于关注癌症的位置或组织学特征，而不是特定的分子变化。最近在分子和肿瘤生物学方面的进展已经将癌症治疗从这些广泛的方法转变为更个性化和精确的治疗。受到Paul Ehrlich的“魔法子弹”概念的启发，新的癌症治疗选择旨在通过针对癌症的特定分子标记来最小化毒性。包括单克隆抗体（mAbs）和小分子抑制剂在内的靶向疗法已经改变了乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌和消化道肿瘤等多种癌症的管理，提高了传统化疗的效果。抗体基础疗法的基础是在20世纪60年代奠定的，当时发现了肿瘤抗原的表达，并在19世纪末发展了抗体。单克隆抗体（mAbs）在诊断和治疗血液恶性肿瘤和实体瘤方面已被证明是有效的。它们通过靶向肿瘤相关抗原发挥作用，要么抑制细胞生长和血管生成，要么刺激对肿瘤的持久免疫反应。这导致了抗体药物偶联物（ADCs）的创造，它们将mAbs的靶向方法与化疗的细胞杀伤能力相结合，从而节省健康组织，因此在癌症治疗中代表了重大进步。在过去几十年中，ADCs的临床研究活动日益增加。迄今为止，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已经批准了11种ADCs，其他监管机构也批准了两种。许多ADCs正在进行临床研究，有望扩大可治疗癌症的范围。正在进行的试验还在探索使用批准的ADCs的最有效治疗组合。在这篇综述中，我们提供了ADCs的临床概况概述。我们讨论了ADCs的设计考虑和作用机制，突出了批准的产品，并回顾了涉及批准和新型调查ADCs的500多项活跃的临床试验。我们还讨论了ADCs临床转化的挑战，并为未来更有效和更安全的ADCs的发展提供了展望。 2.关键组成部分和ADCs的作用机制 2.1.关键组成部分 ADC由一个抗体通过化学稳定的连接物与细胞毒素有效载荷结合而成。虽然这听起来很简单，但这些组成部分理想属性的复杂性已经影响了ADC研究的进展。在这里，我们讨论了与每个ADC组成部分设计相关的关键考虑因素。 2.1.1.抗体通常使用具有特定抗原表位特异性的单克隆抗体来配制ADCs。抗体可以被视为促进有效载荷特异性输送到肿瘤细胞的驱动力。抗体组分通常推荐的特性包括：(i) 对癌细胞抗原的高选择性超过健康细胞，以及 (ii) 对目标的高结合亲和力。其他理想特性包括结合后的强保留、低免疫原性和最小的交叉反应性。早期的ADCs使用小鼠单克隆抗体配制，由于免疫原性降低了效果而存在问题。然而，新一代的ADCs采用人源化抗体，免疫激活的风险较低。设计抗体组分的一个关键方面是选择抗原靶标。理想情况下，靶标应该只在肿瘤细胞上表达。然而，一个更现实的目标是识别一个 (i) 在肿瘤细胞上高表达且在健康细胞上低表达的目标，最小目标抗原阈值为>10,000拷贝/细胞，(ii) 在肿瘤细胞表面展示，最小化脱落以实现有效的抗体结合，并且 (iii) 具有被内化的能力以帮助ADC进入细胞。在ADCs中使用的已知抗原超过50种，批准的ADC产品中常见的抗原包括HER2、Trop2、B细胞成熟抗原（BCMA）、Nectin4、CD19、CD22、CD30、CD33和CD79b。最近，研究的重点也转移到了肿瘤细胞之外的抗原识别上。在肿瘤微环境中表达的抗原，如基质、血管、细胞外基质和肿瘤基质上的抗原，有潜力扩大ADCs的目标抗原范围。此外，这些区域表达的抗原较不易发生突变，可能防止药物抗性的发展。 ADC中抗体的大小也很重要。免疫球蛋白G（IgG）抗体（IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4）通常在ADCs中使用。由于其在血清中的丰富性和强大的效应功能，IgG1是最常用的亚型，而由于其在血液中的半衰期短，IgG3很少使用。虽然IgG抗体在血清中最为常见，但它们的大尺寸通常限制了通过血管和肿瘤组织的渗透。为了克服这一点，新型ADCs通过去除可结晶片段（Fc）段来形成小型化抗体。这使得ADCs更适合实体瘤，但也带来了半衰期减少的问题。在ADCs的设计中，仔细平衡抗体的结合亲和力和内化能力是很重要的。通常，更高的结合亲和力会导致抗体的快速内化。然而，在实体瘤的情况下，ADCs的快速内化主要只发生在肿瘤边缘。这是因为结合位点屏障导致ADCs在实体瘤的血管附近被困住，阻碍了它们向远处肿瘤细胞的渗透。除了使有效载荷的输送成为可能，抗体还发挥一些细胞毒性功能，如抗体依赖性细胞毒性（ADCC）、抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用（ADCP）和补体依赖性细胞毒性（CDC），这将在后面的章节中进一步讨论。 2.1.2.连接物连接物是影响ADCs稳定性、有效载荷释放、药代动力学（PK）、毒性和整体治疗效果的重要组成部分。大多数最新的ADCs进步归功于药物-连接物技术的进步。理想的ADC连接物应该在循环中足够稳定以防止过早释放药物，同时也足够敏感以响应目标部位的释放刺激。 ADC连接物通常被广泛分类为可裂解或不可裂解。可裂解连接物可以是化学裂解连接物（如腙或二硫键基）或酶裂解连接物（如糖苷酸或肽键基）。当ADCs被内化到目标细胞时，这些连接物通过几种机制如质子溶解、硫醇还原、蛋白酶解或碳水化合物水解而降解，导致细胞毒素有效载荷的释放。这种裂解发生在肿瘤细胞的内体-溶酶体室中。由于负责这些连接物裂解的刺激并不完全局限于肿瘤细胞，这些连接物也容易受到血液或肿瘤微环境中的化学物质和酶的影响，增加了系统毒性的风险。相反，不可裂解连接物通过在内体/溶酶体中酶解抗体来释放有效载荷。连接物仍然与有效载荷以及一些氨基酸残基结合，这限制了有效载荷在细胞中的扩散，从而降低了系统毒性。这些连接物对生理环境的敏感性较低，导致血浆稳定性增加和特定药物释放。然而，连接物和氨基酸残基的持久存在可能影响有效载荷的功能；因此，只有能够耐受化学修饰的小分子才适合这些连接物。 ADC连接物的其他考虑因素包括其长度和疏水性。越来越多的证据表明，较短的连接物通过抗体提供的立体屏蔽改善了ADCs的稳定性。同时，亲水性连接物增加了ADCs的溶解度并改善了药代动力学，并且对于疏水性有效载荷的ADCs更有益。 2.1.3.有效载荷 ADCs配制有高效力的有效载荷，具有皮摩尔或纳摩尔IC50，以确保细胞毒性效果。早期的ADCs使用了传统的化疗药物；然而，由于到达目标部位的有效载荷量有限（1%-2%），这些中等效力药剂的效果并不理想。新一代批准的ADCs部署了更有效的有效载荷，它们抑制细胞分裂所必需的微管或对细胞DNA造成损伤。这些药剂的效力超过了传统化疗100到1000倍。这类针对微管的药剂的例子包括基于Dolastatin10的auristatin类似物和maytansinoids，常用的DNA损伤有效载荷包括Calicheamin类似物（诱导DNA双链断裂）、Duocarmycin类似物（促进DNA烷基化）和拓扑异构酶1抑制剂（导致DNA插入）。这些有效载荷需要有细胞内靶标，因为它们被设计为在肿瘤细胞内释放。可以在其他地方发表的最新综述中找到对ADC有效载荷的全面回顾。除了高效力之外，ADC有效载荷还应展示几个其他关键特性，包括在系统循环中的稳定性、在内体/溶酶体中的抗降解性、最小免疫原性、相对较低的分子量，以及适合与连接物结合的化学基团。此外，需要适当有效载荷的疏水性，以平衡溶解度，成功结合到ADC，并具有良好的细胞穿透性，同时防止快速清除。 2.2.作用机制图1提供了ADCs作用机制的概述。静脉注射后，ADCs在全身分布并在肿瘤中积累。ADCs的循环由抗体组分的长半衰期促进，而它们在肿瘤内的积累是由抗体的片段抗原结合（Fab）段与抗原靶标的结合驱动的。mAbs的大尺寸限制了ADCs通过肿瘤血管的扩散，导致只有一小部分（每克肿瘤0.0003%-0.08%31）的给药剂量的最终在目标部位积累，强调了需要高效力的有效载荷。抗体与其靶标的结合触发了ADC的内化，这可以通过clathrin介导的内吞作用（CME）、caveolar介导的内吞作用或胞饮作用发生。随后，ADC被打包进早期内体，它成熟并与溶酶体融合，其中有效载荷在内体/溶酶体降解ADC后被释放。连接物的类型决定了内化后有效载荷释放机制。不可裂解连接物需要ADC定位在溶酶体中进行蛋白水解，而可裂解连接物的有效载荷释放是由细胞内刺激（如pH敏感性、蛋白酶敏感性或谷胱甘肽敏感性）触发的，绕过了溶酶体运输的需要。一旦有效载荷释放到细胞质中，它通过微管抑制或DNA损伤破坏细胞功能，导致癌细胞死亡。这是ADCs的主要作用机制。除了增强有效载荷向目标细胞的输送外，一些ADCs可以显示旁观者杀伤效应，其中释放的有效载荷渗透通过细胞膜，扩散到并杀死邻近的肿瘤细胞。此外，CDC、ADCC和ADCP是增强ADC效果的额外机制。这些机制是通过抗体的Fc区域与效应免疫细胞上存在的新生儿Fc受体的相互作用介导的。在ADCC中，Fc区域与FcƔ受体的相互作用激活了自然杀伤（NK）细胞等免疫细胞，它们释放细胞毒素分子（例如，穿孔素和颗粒酶）。ADCP涉及巨噬细胞在类似的相互作用后吞噬癌细胞。然而，这些Fc介导的作用也可以通过导致ADCs被免疫细胞隔离，导致非靶标毒性来降低ADC的效力。然而，这些效应功能主要与IgG1相关，因为IgG2和IgG4在介导Fc依赖性活动方面效果较差。此外，ADC的另一个作用机制是其抑制下游信号通路。这特别观察到在肿瘤发生途径上游的抗原靶标，其中抗体结合防止了受体的二聚化。图 1 抗体药物偶联物（ADCs）作用机制的示意图。使用BioRender创建。Fc，可结晶片段。 3.FDA批准的ADC产品目前，有11个ADC产品获得FDA批准，另外两个由其他监管机构（NMPA和PMDA）批准。另外两个ADC（Moxetumomab pasudotox和Belantamab mafodotin-blmf）之前曾获得FDA批准，但由于临床使用有限或未能达到主要疗效终点而被撤回。所有批准的产品均通过静脉注射给药，旨在治疗特定类型的癌症。每个批准产品的关键信息在表1中进行了总结。 3.1.批准用于血液癌症的ADC 迄今为止，已有七个ADC获得FDA批准用于治疗血液癌症，其中两个由于临床疗效或使用有限而被撤回。Mylotarg®（Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin，GO）是首个获准用于治疗急性髓性白血病（AML）的ADC，其特征是骨髓造血功能不良。GO最初在2000年被批准用于AML，但后来因未能证明临床效益和过度的致命毒性而自愿撤出市场。在GO批准之前，AML的标准治疗是7 + 3方案，涉及7天的阿糖胞苷治疗，随后是3天的柔红霉素治疗。36,37 GO在2017年重新获得批准，新的数据显示在剂量调整后对2岁及以上患者的CD33+ AML的安全性和有效性。它由一个与DNA损伤的calicheamicin通过共价连接的人源化抗CD33 IgG4 mAb组成。该连接物是酸可裂解的，并能够在髓母细胞的内体/溶酶体中释放有效载荷。该治疗不被认为是强化的，因此适合老年患者和有合并症的患者。在法国的3期试验中（ALFA-0701试验），对280名患者的GO显示出对新诊断的AML患者有优越的无事件生存期，并且对3325名成人患者的荟萃分析也显示了总体生存率的提高。然而，Mylotarg®带有肝毒性的黑框警告，其他警告包括严重出血风险和输注相关反应。 ADCETRIS®（Brentuximab vedotin）是治疗难治性或复发性经典霍奇金淋巴瘤（cHL）患者的标准治疗。它在2018年最近被FDA批准，并由一个人抗CD30 IgG1抗体通过可裂解的缬氨酸-瓜氨酸连接物与单甲基auristatin E（MMAE）共价连接。一旦与CD30+癌细胞结合并被内化，连接物就会通过内体/溶酶体蛋白酶裂解以释放MMAE，后者通过凋亡诱导细胞死亡。Brentuximab vedotin也已报告在CD30表达低的疾病中活跃，这是由于旁观者效应，其中游离的MMAE扩散并杀死相邻的癌细胞。在其批准之前，cHL的前线治疗涉及化疗药物的组合：多柔比星、博来霉素、长春新碱和达卡巴嗪，但这种治疗方案与高达40%的患者的复发相关。3期ECHELON-1试验显示，用brentuximab vedotin替代该治疗方案中的博来霉素，可以提高III期和IV期cHL患者的无进展生存期，长期随访显示这种益处是持续的。然而，ADCETRIS®带有进行性多灶性白质脑病的黑框警告。 Besponsa®（Inotuzumab ozogamicin）是唯一获准用于治疗复发或难治性B细胞前体急性淋巴细胞性白血病（R/R ALL）的ADC。它是一个通过丁酸易裂解连接物与人源化抗CD22 IgG4抗体共价结合的calicheamicin。在这种情况下，细胞毒性仅在释放后由有效载荷介导，其有效性因此取决于有效的内化和对calicheamicin的敏感性。Inotuzumab ozogamicin已被报告与挽救化疗相比改善了临床结果。INO-VATE 3期试验显示，Inotuzumab ozogamicin比标准治疗化疗有更高的反应率。Inotuzumab ozogamicin在R/R ALL患者中的总体反应率为60%-80%。 Polivy®（Polatuzumab vedotin-piiq）在2019年获得FDA加速批准，用于治疗R/R弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL），与苯达莫司汀和利妥昔单抗（BR）联合使用。Polatuzumab vedotin-piiq的2期试验显示，在用Polatuzumab vedotin与BR联合治疗的移植不合格的R/R DLBCL患者中，完全缓解（CR）率更高，死亡风险降低了58%。Polatuzumab vedotin由一个人抗CD79b IgG1 mAb与MMAE通过蛋白酶可裂解连接物链接而成。这种配方使用工程化半胱氨酸（THIOMABs）实现与MMAE的高效和均匀结合。 Zynlonta®（Loncastuximab tesirine，SG3199），由一个人抗CD19 IgG1抗体与吡咯苯并二氮杂环（PDB）二聚体细胞毒素共价结合而成，是另一种获准用于治疗DLBCL的ADC。在内体/溶酶体裂解后，SG3199在细胞的DNA内形成链间交联，导致细胞死亡。SG3199还表现出旁观者杀伤效应。2023年7月，由于FDA对这种ADC的暂停，出于对过度致命毒性的担忧，Zynlonta®的进一步临床试验被终止。 LUMOXITI®（moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk）最初在2018年被批准用于治疗成人R/R毛细胞白血病。这种ADC由一个靶向CD22的抗体的Fv片段与免疫毒素共价结合而成。一旦释放，免疫毒素通过催化伸长因子-2的二磷酸腺苷-核糖化，诱导凋亡。LUMOXITI的批准基于一个3期研究，该研究表明高达90%的循环CD19+ B细胞在治疗第8天被耗尽。尽管这项研究报告了普遍可接受的耐受性概况，但由于临床使用不足，LUMOXITI在2023年被撤出市场。 Blenrep®（Belantamab mafodotin-blmf）在2020年被批准用于治疗成人R/R多发性骨髓瘤。Belantamab mafodotin-blmf是首个获得批准的抗BCMA抗体的ADC，也是首个带有微管抑制剂单甲基auristatin F（MMAF）有效载荷的ADC。其批准基于DREAMM-2全球试验，该试验显示总体反应率为31%。然而，接受Belantamab mafodotin-blmf治疗的患者中有77%出现眼部毒性，导致FDA对此产品进行黑框标记。2020年，GSK宣布由于在DREAMM-3确认性临床试验中未达到主要终点，Blenrep®从美国市场撤回。 3.2.批准用于实体瘤的ADC 迄今为止，已有六个ADC获得FDA批准，另外两个由其他监管机构批准用于治疗实体瘤。Kadcyla®（Adotrastuzumab emtansine）是FDA批准的首个用于治疗HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌的ADC。Adotrastuzumab emtansine（T-DM1）由一个名为曲妥珠单抗的人源化抗HER2 IgG1抗体组成，该抗体于1998年被引入用于治疗HER2+乳腺癌。高达25%的乳腺癌患者表现出HER2过度表达，这与预后不良有关。然而，在曲妥珠单抗治疗下，有相当一部分患者没有反应或经历了复发。Adotrastuzumab emtansine是曲妥珠单抗和微管抑制剂maytansinoid的组合，通过不可还原的硫醚连接物链接。抗体的内体/溶酶体降解导致释放maytansinoid，引起凋亡。还有由于HER2下调、HER2二聚体抑制、免疫反应激活和ADCC导致额外的抗体介导的细胞毒性。各种临床研究表明，接受Ado-trastuzumab emtansine治疗的患者在总生存期和生活质量方面有所改善。尽管T-DM1在结果上有所改善，但对初始反应者中观察到的药物抗性发展存在担忧。Kadcyla®还带有FDA黑框警告，包括肝毒性、心脏毒性、肺毒性和胚胎-胎儿毒性。 Padcev®（Enfortumab vedotin-ejfv）是首个用于治疗转移性尿路上皮癌（UC）的ADC，这是一种具有不良预后的侵袭性癌症。Enfortumab vedotin-ejfv（EV）由一个完全人源化的抗Nectin-4 IgG1抗体与MMAE链接而成。Enfortumab vedotin-ejfv基于1期和2期试验结果，在2019年获得FDA加速批准，表明EV在UC患者中具有高反应率、疾病控制率和改善的总生存期。在2期（EV-201）试验中，90%的入组患者有转移性内脏疾病，显示EV导致44%的总反应率和12%的完全缓解率。3期（EV-301）试验涉及608名患者，证明了EV与单一化疗相比具有优越的疗效。这促进了EV在2021年获得FDA批准，用于治疗两个成人UC人群，包括之前接受过PD-L1抑制剂和基于顺铂的化疗的患者，以及不适合基于顺铂的化疗的患者。Padcev®带有FDA黑框警告，警告严重的皮肤反应。 Enhertu®（Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki，T-DXd）是首个获得批准用于HER2低表达乳腺癌的ADC，占HER2阴性乳腺癌的约40%-50%。T-DXd由一个人源化抗HER2 IgG1抗体与通过稳定的四肽连接物连接的拓扑异构酶-1抑制剂exatecan衍生物（DXd）组成。与曲妥珠单抗emtansine一样，有效载荷在癌细胞内释放。然而，T-DXd的抗体药物比（DAR）为8，即使在HER2表达低的肿瘤中也能有效地输送DXd。T-DXd在2019年获得FDA加速批准，用于治疗不可切除或转移性乳腺癌患者。这一适应症的扩展覆盖了所有表达HER2的肿瘤，允许药物使用的灵活性。其初步批准基于2期试验，表明总反应率为60.3%。经过3期试验表明在无进展生存期和总生存期方面有显著改善，T-DXd在2022年获得FDA的常规批准。基于DESTINY-Gastric01试验，TXd在2021年也获得批准，用于治疗先前接受过基于曲妥珠单抗的方案的局部晚期或转移性HER2阳性胃腺癌或胃食管结合部腺癌患者。同样在2022年，基于DESTINY-Lung02试验的结果，T-DXd获得FDA批准，用于治疗不可切除或转移性的HER2过表达或HER2突变的非小细胞肺癌成人患者。Enhertu®带有FDA黑框警告，与间质性肺病、肺炎和胚胎-胎儿毒性的风险有关。 Trodelvy®（Sacituzumab govitecan）是唯一获准针对TROP2作为其抗原的ADC。它在2020年首次获得批准，用于治疗至少接受过两次转移性疾病治疗的成人转移性三阴性乳腺癌患者。2021年，它还获得了治疗转移性尿路上皮癌的批准。Sacituzumab govitecan由一个人源化抗TROP2 IgG1抗体通过可水解的腙连接物与SN-38（一种拓扑异构酶-1抑制剂和伊立替康的活性代谢物）链接而成。除了在内化的细胞内具有DNA损伤效应外，由于其高膜渗透性，SN-38还表现出旁观者效应。2023年，Sacituzumab govitecan获得FDA扩展批准，用于治疗激素受体阳性和HER-2/NEU阴性的转移性乳腺癌患者，带有中性粒细胞减少症和腹泻的黑框警告。 Tivdak®（Tisotumab vedotin-tftv [TV]），是首个在2021年获得批准的针对组织因子（TF）的ADC，用于治疗成人复发或转移性宫颈癌。大约10%-20%的早期疾病患者和70%的局部晚期疾病患者在诊断后2年内复发。这些患者中只有一小部分对治愈性治疗有反应，需要更多针对性的治疗选择。TV，一个人源化IgG1抗体通过蛋白酶可裂解连接物与MMAE共价结合，在2期临床研究中展示了临床意义和持久的抗肿瘤活性，79%的接受治疗患者的靶病变减少。由于innovaTV 201和innova TV 204试验中有50%以上的患者出现与眼睛相关的不良效应，Tivdak®带有FDA黑框警告，警告眼部毒性。 ELAHERE™（mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx）是另一个首次用于治疗成人叶酸受体-α（FRα）阳性、铂类耐药的上皮性卵巢、输卵管或原发性腹膜癌的ADC。适用于对基于铂的化疗没有反应且已经接受过其他类型化疗的患者，它具有一个嵌合抗FRα IgG1抗体与通过可裂解的二硫键连接的maytansine衍生物（DM4）共价结合。在内体/溶酶体裂解后，DM4导致细胞周期停滞和凋亡。DM4还表现出旁观者杀伤效应。ELAHERE™也带有FDA黑框警告，警告眼部毒性。 4.活跃的临床试验中的ADCs 自2000年第一个ADC获得批准以来，持续的努力集中在设计具有改善疗效和降低毒性的新型ADC上。这些努力在目前活跃试验中的ADC数量上得到了体现，这只是所有ADC研究的一小部分。我们在clinicaltrials.gov上进行了搜索，以识别已批准和新型调查ADC的活跃临床试验。对于与已批准ADC相关的试验，我们通过在“其他术语”类别中输入每个已批准ADC的药物名称进行搜索，同时检查“干预性研究”，处于活跃状态（“尚未招募”、“招募中”、“邀请注册”和“活跃，未招募”）。对于与新型ADC相关的试验，我们使用关键词“antibody drug conjugate OR antibody-drug conjugate OR ADC OR ADCs OR antibody drug conjugates OR antibody-drug conjugates”在clinicaltrials.gov的“其他术语”类别中进行搜索，并检查“干预性研究”，处于活跃状态（“尚未招募”、“招募中”、“邀请注册”和“活跃，未招募”）。所有收集的试验然后手动筛选，只包括专注于携带pan-cytotoxic载荷的IgG基ADC的试验。我们的搜索截至2023年10月，共识别出551个活跃的临床试验。在这里，我们讨论这些活跃的试验，并强调与批准产品相比，活跃试验中调查ADCs出现的新趋势。表2和表3分别展示了已批准ADC和新型调查ADC的代表性活跃试验。 4.1.疾病适应症的范围大量的ADC相关活跃试验针对的是实体瘤，其中乳腺癌是最受研究的适应症，共有140项试验。图2提供了ADC相关活跃临床试验所涉及的适应症范围的概览。这些试验中的大多数（64%）旨在扩大当前已批准产品的临床应用。这些试验中的ADC与市场上的产品具有相同的组分，但在所研究的适应症范围上有所不同。大约36%的试验集中在尚未批准的新型ADC上（见图2）。当比较两组感兴趣的试验——针对新型ADC的试验与已批准ADC相关的试验时，可以注意到新型ADC的试验明显倾向于实体瘤应用，实体瘤应用约占试验的90%。图2详细列出了已识别的活跃ADC相关试验的疾病适应症细分。另一个值得注意的观察是抗原靶标的转变，第二组（针对新型ADC的试验）展示了比第一组（已批准ADC相关的试验）更广泛的抗原靶标多样性（见图3）。抗体和药物有效载荷组分在新型ADC的试验中也呈现出更广泛的多样性，这些都有助于这组试验所覆盖的更广泛的疾病适应症范围。这种多样化可能是由于对癌症中靶标表达模式理解的不断增长所驱动的。图 2 活跃临床试验中的抗体药物偶联物（ADCs）概览。(a) 市场上已批准的ADCs（FDA批准了11种，其他监管机构批准了2种），展示了它们的疾病适应症范围。(b) 活跃临床试验中ADCs的阶段和疾病范围。(c) 对ADC试验的深入分析，显示基于新ADC产品（左侧）与基于已批准ADCs（右侧）的试验比例，按阶段和适应症进行分析。 4.2.抗体的范围抗体是ADC的重要组成部分，因为它决定了目标特异性，从而增强了有效载荷的靶向细胞毒性效果。此外，抗体组分影响ADC的血浆浓度、免疫原性和免疫功能，并且还可以有助于直接或间接的细胞毒性效果。IgG是ADC中最常用的抗体，其中IgG1亚类最为普遍（见图3）。大约70%（383项试验）的活跃临床试验使用IgG1，主要是人源化的，可能的原因是它在血清中的含量丰富，与其他亚类相比，与IgG结合的Fc-gamma受体的结合亲和力高，从而增强了抗体依赖性细胞毒性和吞噬作用。其次是IgG4，占活跃试验的15%。图3详细列出了活跃ADC试验中使用的抗体亚型细分。此外，还有三项试验涉及IgG2亚类的ADC。图 3 活跃临床试验中使用的抗体药物偶联物（ADCs）的抗体范围。基于单克隆抗体（mAb）的同种型，对新ADC试验（右侧）与已批准ADC试验（左侧）进行比较。每个同种型进一步分析（条形图），以显示不同临床试验阶段的靶标抗原范围。 4.3.靶标抗原抗原选择对ADC的有效性和安全性至关重要，因为ADC携带高效的细胞毒素有效载荷，需要精确输送以最小化非靶向毒性。抗原选择的关键考虑因素包括：(i) 目标在肿瘤细胞上的独有或主要表达以实现选择性，(ii) 靶标抗原在肿瘤细胞表面的表达而不是它们的分泌，这可能导致非特异性药物释放，(iii) 目标触发ADCs细胞内吞作用的能力，对有效载荷输送至关重要。目前，FDA和其他监管机构批准的ADC针对血液恶性肿瘤和实体瘤的11种不同抗原。活跃的临床试验中，约80%（447项试验）集中在已批准产品中使用的这些已建立的抗原上；表2详细列出了这些信息。试验中的主要抗原靶标是HER2（32%）、CD30（14%）和TROP2（9%）。然而，在针对新型ADC的试验中发现了更多新型抗原靶标，新型靶标约占总活跃试验的20%（104项试验）。图4详细列出了活跃ADC试验中使用的这些新型靶标的细分。追求新型靶标是扩大ADCs到实体瘤的主要驱动力，因为这些新型靶标的使用可能有助于减少ADC对正常组织的毒性。虽然这些抗原大多数是肿瘤相关而不是肿瘤特异性的，但也从典型的肿瘤细胞抗原扩展到了肿瘤微环境和血管中的抗原。图 4 活跃的抗体药物偶联物（ADC）聚焦临床试验中的抗原靶标范围。(a) 条形图显示了针对已知抗原的新研究性ADC和已批准ADC的试验数量。(b) 树状图显示了针对实体瘤或血液瘤的新ADC试验中新颖抗原靶标的范围。 4.3.1.活跃临床试验中的新型靶标——血液癌症抗原血液癌症比实体瘤更容易接近。这解释了为什么大多数用于治疗血液癌症的ADC中的抗原通常与肿瘤和非肿瘤细胞有关，因为ADC可以直接接触到患病细胞。此外，这些靶标在造血干细胞和非造血组织上不存在，允许血细胞的持续补充，并分别减少细胞毒性。用于治疗血液癌症的批准ADC制剂中使用的经典抗原包括CD19、CD22、CD30、CD33、CD79b和BCMA，其他地方有详细的综述。有相当一部分ADC相关活跃临床试验（32%）针对这些抗原，旨在扩大已批准ADC的适应症或通过与其他化疗药物（例如，多柔比星、环磷酰胺、吉西他滨）或免疫疗法（例如，pembrolizumab、nivolumab、rituximab）的组合提高其疗效。目前，有18项新的ADC试验（占总活跃试验的3%）专注于血液肿瘤，其中14项针对新型抗原。表3可以找到这些抗原在临床试验中的具体范围。这些抗原包括针对淋巴瘤的CD74、CD20、CCR7和CD25；针对白血病的CD71、CD123、CD25和CD38；以及针对骨髓瘤和轻链淀粉样变性的CD38。这些抗原广泛表达在免疫细胞（例如，B细胞、T细胞、NK细胞、树突状细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞）、红细胞系细胞和其他组织中。 4.3.2.活跃临床试验中的新型靶标—实体瘤抗原与血液癌症抗原不同，实体瘤抗原不具有谱系特异性，大多数是肿瘤相关抗原。这意味着这些抗原主要在肿瘤细胞中过度表达，但也可能在健康细胞中以较低水平表达，引发了对非靶向毒性和降低肿瘤内药物输送的担忧。因此，识别在健康组织中表达有限的靶标对于提高ADCs的治疗有效性至关重要。FDA批准的针对实体瘤的ADCs所针对的经典抗原包括HER2、TROP2、TF、nectin-4和FRα。目前，有32个新型实体瘤抗原正在针对新型调查ADCs的临床试验中进行研究，如B7家族蛋白、EGFR、HER3、间充质-上皮转化因子（c-MET）、AXL、Claudin-18.2和NaPi2b，占活跃试验的15%。关于这些新抗原及其相关试验的更多细节见图4和表4。 4.4.活跃临床试验中有效载荷和连接物的多样性由于ADCs对肿瘤细胞或组织的特异性，可以最小化与亲本化疗药物相关的非靶向效应。目前批准的ADCs使用的是DNA损伤和微管抑制有效载荷，如auristatins、maytansinoid、camptothecin和calicheamicin，这些药物在亚纳摩尔浓度下就有效。这些有效载荷由于高细胞毒性，不适合单独系统给药。ADCs是重新利用因非靶向毒性而受限的小分子药物的有价值工具。ADCs在活跃临床试验中适应症的持续扩展也反映了新有效载荷纳入调查ADCs的情况。在针对新型ADCs的200项活跃临床试验中，大约四分之一涉及新有效载荷。图5提供了当前ADC试验中有效载荷的细分，其中微管抑制剂占这些有效载荷的51%。auristatins（抑制微管蛋白聚合）以81项试验为主，可能归因于它们有利的生化特性。拓扑异构酶抑制剂，通过DNA插入引起DNA损伤，在ADC试验中是第二大有效载荷类别，共有44项试验。在调查ADCs中探索的一些新有效载荷的例子包括DNA烷基化类—duocarmycin（10项试验）、PBD二聚体和吡啶并苯并二氮杂环（7项试验），以及单胺吲哚苯并二氮杂环（7项试验）。这些分子被称为高效的抗肿瘤剂。这些有效载荷的详细化学特性可以在其他地方发表的最新综述中找到。 ADC中的连接物显著影响ADC的安全性和有效性。在ADC设计中，理想的连接物应该足够稳定以防止过早的药物释放，同时对实现位点特异性药物释放敏感。ADC主要设计有可裂解或不可裂解的连接物。可裂解连接物对TME中的pH变化、谷胱甘肽/二硫苏式异构酶或蛋白酶有反应，而不可裂解连接物依赖于ADCs的内体/溶酶体降解来释放药物。反映在批准的ADC产品中的偏好，可裂解连接物在当前临床试验中的新型调查ADCs中受到青睐（见图5）。这类可裂解连接物的例子包括谷胱甘肽敏感的二硫键连接物、蛋白酶敏感连接物（苯丙氨酸-赖氨酸、缬氨酸-瓜氨酸）和酸敏感腙连接物。图 5 抗体药物偶联物（ADC）聚焦的活跃临床试验中的有效载荷和连接体多样性。饼图显示了新ADC试验（左侧）和已批准ADC试验（右侧）中的药物作用（第一层级）、类别（第二层级）以及有效载荷（第三层级）。 5.ADCs临床转化的挑战和展望 ADCs背后的原理很简单。然而，开发有效的ADC是具有挑战性的。迄今为止，使用人源化抗体、高效力有效载荷和高度稳定连接物等改进已经推动了更有效ADC的开发，许多有希望的候选药物正在进行临床试验。 ADCs开发中的一个重要挑战是优化药物载荷。这包括确定最佳DAR和实现均匀的药物结合。DAR是影响ADCs药代动力学、稳定性和有效性的重要属性。不同研究表明，为了优化其有效性，需要将一定数量的药物单元链接到每个mAb上。然而，更高的DAR并不一定意味着更好的有效性。虽然结合了大量有效载荷的ADCs在体外显示出增加的效力，但几项体内研究表明高DAR与毒性和聚集性之间存在负相关。DAR为4的ADC显示出与DAR为8的ADC相当的体内抗肿瘤活性，进一步降低到DAR为2的活性得到了提高。通常推荐平均DAR为四，因为更高的DAR值增加了血浆清除率和抗体聚集，降低了ADCs的治疗指数。然而，与这一普遍建议相反，许多新型ADCs的DAR高于4，在临床试验中显示出有希望的结果。例如，XMT-1536是一种针对实体瘤中SLC34A2/NaPi2b的基于dolaflexin的ADC，其DAR高达15。尽管这与典型的DAR建议相矛盾，但有效载荷是auristatin F的前药，表现出显著的旁观者细胞毒性，提高了其抗肿瘤效力。一旦在肿瘤内代谢，auristatin F变得对细胞膜不渗透，进一步降低了系统性药物暴露量，提高了整体耐受性。因此，这种前药方法在提高ADC效力方面具有潜力，其整体药代动力学特性与低DAR的其他临床研究ADCs相当。早期批准的ADCs基于随机/异质性将有效载荷结合到抗体上。这种方法已被证明对ADCs的治疗指数产生负面影响。异质性可能意味着每个ADC包含高于名义DAR的物质量和/或ADCs含有未结合和超载的抗体。因此，当前的研究重点是实现具有相同药物附着位点的同质ADCs。这一目标技术上具有挑战性，取决于连接物与mAb的结合方法。最常见的结合方法是通过赖氨酸侧链胺或半胱氨酸硫醇基团。这导致了一个由不同DARs、在不同位点连接的不同物种组成的混合物（>100种），每种物种都显示出不同的体内药代动力学和效力模式。可以使用纯化来消除不同DARs的物种，但这仍然留下了一个在不同位点附着有效载荷的异质混合物，导致ADC生产批次间的变化。此外，有效载荷的附着位点和偶联技术也会影响ADCs的药代动力学和稳定性。有效载荷的偶联可能引起物理和化学不稳定性。例如，在半胱氨酸偶联中，mAb的自由半胱氨酸残基上的链间二硫键被还原。这些半胱氨酸在维持抗体结构中起着重要作用，这种干扰增加了不稳定性的风险。为了克服这些挑战，一种新兴的方法是使用位点特异性附着策略。这种方法涉及将有效载荷偶联到单独最小化疏水有效载荷的密度和溶剂可及性的位点。研究表明，虽然DAR为8的ADC在体内仅实现了轻微的肿瘤抑制，但使用位点特异性ADC（DAR仍为8）却实现了卓越的肿瘤抑制，表明位置很重要。这需要研究mAbs以找到显示出与未偶联抗体相当的血浆暴露的特定位点，从而提高ADCs的治疗有效性。或者，另一种新兴策略是采用其他偶联方法。一些在临床试验中的新型ADC采用了新颖的偶联方法。SKB264，一种针对TROP-2的ADC，采用了一种新的偶联策略，允许通过共价磺代嘧啶-CL2A-碳酸酯连接物在减少的链间二硫键上偶联七到八个有效载荷。这种策略提高了ADC的稳定性，并将其在小鼠中的血浆半衰期增加到最多57小时。与TRODELVY（一种批准的针对TROP-2的ADC）相比，相同剂量的SKB264显示出改善的抗肿瘤效力和减少的不良效应。STI-6129，另一种新型ADC，正在进行六项临床试验，利用这种二硫键重新桥接方法实现五个duostatin分子对anti-CD38 mAb的位点特异性偶联。使用这种策略，STI-6129显示出与未偶联抗体相当的内化率。其他改善偶联的策略包括在mAbs的战略点引入额外的半胱氨酸基团以保留固有的半胱氨酸。ADCT-602和IMGN632，分别包含经过半胱氨酸工程改造的anti-CD22 mAB98和anti-CD123 mAb，是这种策略的显著例子。这种修饰保留了抗原结合和特异性，并产生了均匀的偶联物。因此，选择正确的位点可以改善药物载荷并减少清除。其他研究表明，赖氨酸偶联可能比位点特异性半胱氨酸偶联更有益，这突出了在ADC开发中需要逐案优化偶联方法。在临床试验中，还有一些采用其他位点特异性偶联策略的值得注意的ADCs。ARX-788，一种带有amberstatin的抗HER2 ADC，DAR为1.4，使用基于非天然氨基酸技术的不可裂解连接物。这产生了具有高血清稳定性的均匀ADC，在临床前研究中优于T-DM1。同样，ADCT-601利用N-糖基化位点通过可裂解连接物将SG3199偶联到anti-AXL mAb上。影响ADCs开发和临床应用的另一个显著挑战是抗药性的发展。具有多种作用机制的优势也使ADCs面临抗药性问题，因为抗药性可能在这些步骤中的任何一步发生。ADCs的抗药性可能与抗原相关、与有效载荷相关或与肿瘤细胞相关。与抗原相关的抗药性可能是由于抗原表达减少或抗原外细胞域的截短形式，导致抗体与细胞表面的结合减少。已经表明，使用抗HER2 trastuzumab-maysansinoid ADC（TM-ADC）的几个月治疗导致了对TM-ADC的16倍抗药性和对其他trastuzumab ADCs的交叉抗药性，部分原因是HER2表达减少。对于Brentuximab Vedotin的抗药性，也报告了抗原（CD30）的下调趋势。肿瘤异质性和抗原的基因组变化也可能导致肿瘤不同部分的抗原表达不同，导致治疗失败。这种抗药性通常通过转换为其他ADCs或标准护理化疗来克服。与有效载荷相关的抗药性主要是由于肿瘤细胞上药物外排泵的过度表达。外排泵，如MDR1，也称为渗透性糖蛋白1，是许多小分子药物发展抗药性的原因，同样也影响ADCs。过度表达ABC转运蛋白被报告为对T-Dxd、T-DM1、gemtuzumab ozogamicin和抗CD33-calicheamicin ADC的抗药性负责。克服这种抗药性的策略包括多样化有效载荷，这占了ADC试验中新有效载荷的数量（见图4）。将微管抑制剂DM1替换为拓扑异构酶抑制剂被报告为有效克服T-DM1抗药性，从基于auristatin的ADCs转换为基于蒽环素的ADCs也显示出类似的效果。其他策略包括优化DAR和偶联技术，以及开发更多亲水性ADCs，因为MDR1对疏水化合物有更高的偏好。癌细胞的遗传不稳定性使它们能够不断开发机制来逃避治疗。与肿瘤细胞相关的抗药性机制涉及转运途径的变化、溶酶体功能障碍和凋亡信号途径的改变。有效的ADCs内化对其作用机制至关重要（见图1），主要通过CME发生。使用如洞穴介导的内吞作用等替代途径可能导致ADCs在洞穴素-1（CAV1）包被的囊泡中积累，减少溶酶体共定位，从而降低整体疗效。有报道称，尽管某些T-DM1抗药性细胞系中HER2表达仍然正常，但细胞内转运、溶酶体pH和蛋白酶活性却异常。溶酶体pH增加和蛋白酶活性紊乱导致细胞内完整ADC的积累。这在需要完全水解抗体才能释放有效载荷的ADCs中尤为明显。因此，转换为使用只需要一个蛋白酶事件的连接物可能有助于克服这种抗药性机制。其他策略包括使用具有替代裂解机制的ADCs，使用纳米粒子和其他药物稳定溶酶体pH，以及最近，使用双药ADCs和双特异性ADCs。利用这些抗药性机制的见解，一些在临床试验中的新型ADCs具有新的设计以提高其有效性。值得注意的是，基于trastuzumab的SYD985和DS-8201a ADCs在克服T-DM1对HER2阳性乳腺癌的药物抗药性方面显示出前景。这些第二代ADCs采用了更有效的细胞毒素有效载荷，并从共价连接物转变为可裂解连接物。SYD985目前在5项活跃试验中，使用valine-citrulline连接物结合的duocarmycin衍生有效载荷，其细胞毒性不依赖于细胞周期。与需要完全降解抗体才能释放有效载荷的T-DM1不同，SYD985的有效载荷通过cathepsin介导的其连接物裂解而释放。另一个例子是DS-8201a，它包含一个通过稳定的叔丁氧羰基-甘氨酸-甘氨酸-苯丙氨酸-甘氨酸连接物结合到trastuzumab的拓扑异构酶抑制剂DXd有效载荷。DS-8201a可以绕过T-DM1抗药性，因为DXd对p-糖蛋白的影响具有抗性，稳定的连接物允许最多八个药物分子的结合，增强了其细胞毒性。此外，由于有效载荷的高膜渗透性，两种ADCs都表现出显著的旁观者细胞毒性。双特异性双特异性ADCs是克服与肿瘤细胞相关的ADC抗药性的新兴策略。这些ADCs旨在具有不同的纳米抗体，可以同时识别不同的靶标或相同的靶标但不同且不重叠的表位。这有助于改善内化、溶酶体转运和随后的ADCs降解。一个著名的例子是M1231，一种针对MUC-1和EGFR的首创双特异性ADC，与单特异性mAbs相比，在细胞内化和溶酶体转运方面显示出更高的效率。通过识别不同的表位，这种策略有助于克服由于抗原下调引起的抗药性。此外，结合两种抗体的特异性也可以通过阻断疾病进展/或启动ADCC或CDC的中心靶标来提高ADCs的效力。有报道称，使用双特异性ADC METxMET-M114在肺癌中过度表达的MET上，比仅仅阻断MET功能提供了更多的益处，并且有潜力克服对MET选择性酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的获得性抗药性。许多其他研究表明了双特异性ADCs的潜力，表明这确实可能是ADC开发的未来方向。然而，值得注意的是，双特异性抗体的运作需要一定数量的抗原表达，因此在该阈值以下会限制其功能。另一种应对ADC抗药性问题的新兴策略是结合了多种药物治疗的概念，但避免了多种药物方案的复杂性。这涉及使用双药ADCs。这些ADCs通常由具有不同理化特性或作用机制的有效载荷组成，通过同一连接物连接到mAb上。通过结合MMAE和MMAF，Levengood等人137报告了3:5的治愈率，相比之下，仅使用MMAF达到的治愈率为1:5。同样，另一项研究设计了一个使用点击化学基础连接物的MMAE和MMAF双ADC，这允许有效控制DAR并实现更有效的肿瘤杀伤。类似地，有研究表明，携带MMAE和PBD二聚体的双ADC可以通过不同机制实现肿瘤杀伤。以这种方式设计的ADCs已被报道与单药制剂相比具有增加的疗效，并代表了ADC开发的未来方向。 6.结论自ADCs最初获得批准以来，其在临床上的采用激增归功于它们比传统细胞毒性疗法更优越的治疗有效性。ADCs已成为某些对传统化疗无反应的血液和实体瘤的主要治疗选择，突显了它们在靶向具有可识别标记的癌症方面的潜力。目前，有500多项临床试验正在探索众多新型ADCs，预示着未来几年将在更广泛的适应症范围内增加ADC批准的数量。从现有ADCs的临床使用中获得的见解促进了下一代ADCs的创造，这些ADCs承诺提高疗效并减少不良效应。包括新靶标的发现、偶联技术的改进、DAR的优化和细胞毒素剂的多样化在内的创新，将显著改善ADCs的药代动力学和安全性概况。尽管面临诸如药物抗性和肿瘤异质性等挑战，ADC技术持续的进展为克服这些障碍提供了乐观的前景。识别微信二维码，添加生物制品圈小编，符合条件者即可加入生物制品微信群！请注明：姓名+研究方向！版权声明本公众号所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的，且明确注明来源和作者，不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系(cbplib@163.com)，我们将立即进行删除处理。所有文章仅代表作者观点，不代表本站立场。

抗体药物偶联物

2024-05-27

·生物制药小编

努力站起来的ADC老兵

这ADC最火热的一两年里，ADC Therapeutics公司一直为了生存在挣扎。唯一的上市产品Zynlonta的商业化一直没有起色，为了给其铺路，公司贷了款、砍了管线，也裁了员，然而并不能阻止继续走向下坡路。困住的ADC Therapeutics的不仅仅是Zynlonta，其引以为傲的的核心技术-新一代PBD毒性弹头也正面临质疑，不再有企业选择合作，多款管线相继终止开发接。如今，ADC Therapeutics还有什么办法可以翻身？寻找转机在Zynlonta上市之前，ADC Therapeutics的整个发展过程都是相对顺利的。在IPO之前，公司融资到5.59亿美元，阿斯利康也一直是公司最坚定的支持者，在公司每一轮融资中，几乎都有这家大药企的身影。Zynlonta是ADC Therapeutics的首发管线，也是目前唯一的商业化产品。2021年4月24日获FDA加速批准上市，作为复发性或难治性弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（r/r DLBCL）的三线治疗方案。自此之后，公司就开始走下坡路。作为一款竞争力较为普通CD19靶向药，Zynlonta无法在DLBCL这个扎堆的适应症中难以取得亮眼的销售表现，上市以来，Zynlonta的商业化一直难有起色，上市第一年Zynlonta的销售额为3400万美元，2022年全年销售额7490万美元。而2023年，Zynlonta的销售额已经出现了下降，为6910万美元，同比下降67%。这种销售颓势持续到了2024年，今年Q1 Zynlonta的销售额为1780万美元，同比下降了6%。为了给Zynlonta商业化争取时间，公司做了许多努力，包括贷款、裁员以及砍管线。这些措施虽然一定程度上缩减了开支，延长了公司的现金跑道，但却对根本上扭转Zynlonta的销售颓势并无帮助。当然，ADC Therapeutics也没放弃对适应症的拓展。最近在2024Q1财报报告会上，公司公布了Zynlonta治疗r/rMZL的初步临床数据。截至2024年3月30日，15例可评估患者中有14名（93.3%）患者实现了缓解，其中13（86.7%）名患者实现完全缓解（CR），1名患者获得部分缓解（PR），所有获得缓解的患者在数据截止日期时均保持缓解。安全性方面，Zynlonta的耐受性良好，安全性事件与既往报告一致，有1名患者因毒性事件而停药，不过停药后毒性消失。ADC首席营销官Mohamed Zaki表示：如果后续临床试验结果继续令人满意，公司将寻求该适应症的上市批准。不再固守PBD除了Zynlonta的商业化困境之外，公司需要面临的另一层质疑来自于技术平台--新一代PBD技术。PBD二聚体技术是公司立足于ADC赛道的核心技术。依靠该技术，ADC Therapeutics曾吸引了众多的合作与投资，开发多条PBD-ADC管线，覆盖了CD19、CD25、CD22、AXL等靶点。PBD作为ADC的毒性弹头被看好最主要原因就是”毒“，其活性效能比ADC中使用的Payload（如MMAE，maytansine和calicheamicin）强约100-1000倍, 皮摩尔级别 (picomolar) 就可以起到抗肿瘤作用。早年，制约ADC药物一大重要因素就是所使用的毒性药物的毒性太弱，导致这类ADC在临床使用中无法达到预期的抗肿瘤活性。但是进入临床后发现，以PBD为弹头的ADC药物在临床中毒性副作用太强，患者死亡率更高，曾经已推到临床Ⅲ期的Vadastuximab talirine（CD33-ADC)和Rova-T(DLL-3 ADC) 相继被终止开发。而Zynlonta也爆出了严重的安全事件。2023年7月，Zynlonta的II期临床LOTIS-9报告了5级（致死）严重的呼吸相关不良事件，7名弥漫DLBCL接受Zynlonta治疗后死亡。公司随即停止了LOTIS-9的新患者入组。另外，ADC therapeutics还悄然终止第二款PBD-ADC管线ADCT-301，具体原因并未对外公布。ADCT-301是公司曾寄予厚望的核心管线，临床进度仅次于Zynlonta，公司曾计划在取得Ⅱ期临床试验成功后，便提交ADCT-301的上市申请。2024年1月，ADC therapeutics又宣布决定终止一款临床管线ADCT-901（KAAG1）的开发，原因是临床Ⅰ期剂量递增阶段的疗效不佳。严重的安全事件，以及多款管线的终止，使得公司技术平台的吸引力大大折扣。2023年，授权许可收入和特许权使用费骤减至50万美元，而在2022年，这一收入为1.35亿美元，是公司最大的收入来源。这样的处境使得公司也转变了技术路线，并不再执着于PBD。目前除了剩下两款PBD-ADC管线ADCT-601和ADCT-602之外，公司的后续管线大量的将Exatecan作为毒性弹头，布局了NaPi2b、CLDN6、PSMA和ASCT2等靶点。总结在DLBCL适应症上，很难看到Zynlonta翻盘的希望。如今，Zynlonta的验证临床仍未完成，加上安全风险嫌疑尚未洗脱，Zynlonta最终能否验证临床获益、得到完全批准仍是一大悬念。短期看来，如果在没有大药企愿意向公司抛出橄榄枝的情况下，MZL是当下一大最重要希望，但是不知公司的现金流是否可以撑到Zynlonta新适应症获批，且扭转销售颓势。参考出处：https://endpts.com/adc-therapeutics-reveals-topline-zynlonta-data-105m-stock-offering/抗体偶联药物ADC通用名称命名-7 新秀 or 老兵 ADC Therapeutics & ImmunoGen寻找更强效的毒性弹头

抗体药物偶联物财报IPO申请上市

2024-05-06

·BioSpace

ADC Therapeutics Reports First Quarter 2024 Financial Results and Provides Business Updates

ZYNLONTA® (loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl) net sales of $17.8 million in 1Q 2024; total operating expenses decreased 25% (adjusted total operating expenses decreased 16%)1 compared to 1Q 2023 Successfully completed LOTIS-7 dose escalation and initiated expansion in 2L+ DLBCL Initial MZL IIT Phase 2 data from 15 patients showed 13 patients with CR and 1 patient with PR; encouraging data compared to current treatments in area with high unmet medical need Research event featured next-generation ADC platform and the Company’s most advanced ADC targets including promising preclinical data in NaPi2b, Claudin-6, PSMA and ASCT2 Company to host conference call today at 8:30 a.m. EDT LAUSANNE, Switzerland, May 06, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ADC Therapeutics SA (NYSE: ADCT) today reported financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2024, and provided business updates. “During the first quarter of 2024, we were pleased to see continued progress from our corporate and capital allocation strategy focused primarily on hematology with ZYNLONTA® while advancing our emerging solid tumor pipeline,” said Ameet Mallik, Chief Executive Officer of ADC Therapeutics. “In hematology, we delivered sequential ZYNLONTA revenue growth. We were pleased to announce that our LOTIS-7 study of ZYNLONTA in combination with bispecifics has successfully cleared the final dosing cohort and enrollment in Part 2 dose expansion has been initiated. Additionally, we were encouraged by the initial IIT Phase 2 data with ZYNLONTA in MZL which supports potential expansion in MZL and contributes to the overall ZYNLONTA growth strategy in NHL. With multiple potential value-generating catalysts ahead this year including expected completion of enrollment in LOTIS-5, expansion of LOTIS-7 and initial read of ADCT-601 in AXL, I am excited about our prospects for continued progress in 2024.” Recent Highlights and Developments ZYNLONTA® (loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl) ZYNLONTA generated product net sales of $17.8 million in the first quarter of 2024, representing a 7% increase over the fourth quarter of 2023 and a 6% decrease over the first quarter of 2023. Sequential quarter-over-quarter growth in the first quarter of 2024 continued, with sales volume increasing in both community and academic settings. The year-over-year net sales decline reflected higher gross-to-net deductions and lower volume, partially offset by a higher price. Hematology Pipeline LOTIS-5: The Phase 3 confirmatory trial for ZYNLONTA in combination with rituximab in patients with 2L+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) continues to see accelerated enrollment. The Company expects to complete enrollment of this trial in 2024. LOTIS-7: On April 4, 2024, the Company announced the completion of dose escalation in LOTIS-7, a Phase 1b open-label clinical trial evaluating ZYNLONTA in combination with bispecific antibodies glofitamab or mosunetuzumab in heavily pre-treated patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (r/r B-NHL). In the dose escalation portion (Part 1) of LOTIS-7, no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), no or low-grade cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and no immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) were observed across all patients when ZYNLONTA was administered in combination with glofitamab or mosunetuzumab. Additionally, after the first investigator assessment, evidence of anti-tumor activity (complete response or partial response) was observed among the majority of patients, with mixed histologies including r/r DLBCL, follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). In addition, as of April 19, 2024, initial safety findings showed that the majority of CRS events seen were grade 1 (6 out of 18 patients) or grade 2 (2 of 18 patients, 11%), with no CRS greater than grade 2 observed in either combination arm. Furthermore, all grade 2 events responded to Tocilizumab/corticosteroids with no requirement for pressors or ICU management. Based on the data from Part 1, all three dose levels (90, 120 and 150 µg/kg) have now been cleared and enrollment in Part 2 dose expansion has been initiated with ZYNLONTA administered in combination with glofitamab at the 120 µg/kg and 150 µg/kg dose levels in 2L+ DLBCL patients. Investigator-Initiated Trial: As announced by the Company today, May 6, 2024, initial data from an investigator-initiated Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating ZYNLONTA for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) MZL were presented at the Lymphoma Research Foundation’s 2024 Marginal Zone Lymphoma Scientific Workshop by the trial’s lead investigator. The 50-patient single-arm, open-label Phase 2 multicenter study is currently being conducted at the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Miami and City of Hope, and led by Izidore Lossos, MD, Professor, Director, Lymphoma Program at the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami. This study is evaluating the safety and efficacy of ZYNLONTA in patients with r/r MZL previously treated with ≥1 line of systemic therapy (ClincalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05296070). As of the data cutoff date of March 30, 2024, 15 patients were evaluable. Of these 15 patients evaluated, 13 achieved a complete response (CR) and one patient achieved a partial response (PR). In this study, ZYNLONTA was generally well tolerated and the safety pro consistent with the known profile, with two patient discontinuations. All patients who achieved responses had maintained them at the time of the data cutoff with the longest responder reaching approximately 20 months. Solid Tumor Pipeline ADCT-601 (targeting AXL): The Phase 1b trial studying ADCT-601 targeting AXL continues enrolling patients in the pancreatic cancer monotherapy arm, optimizing dose and schedule. The ongoing dose-optimization/expansion phase is comprised of a monotherapy arm including patients with sarcoma, pancreatic cancer and AXL-expressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a combination arm with gemcitabine in patients with sarcoma and pancreatic cancer. Early-stage pipeline: On April 9, 2024, the Company hosted a virtual Research Investor Event during which details were shared on strategy and recent business updates as well as the Company’s novel exatecan-based ADC platform. The Company provided details on its four lead candidates – targeting Claudin-6, NaPi2b, PSMA and ASCT2 – which have a differentiated pro on a novel, proprietary linker approach to tracelessly release exatecan and a high therapeutic index. The Company’s NaPi2b and Claudin-6 targeting ADCs are in IND-enabling studies and PSMA and ASCT2 targeting ADCs are in drug candidate selection stage, expected to complete this year. Preclinical data on the Claudin-6 and NaPi2b programs were shared in presentations at the AACR Annual Meeting 2024 which demonstrated that each was well tolerated with potent and specific in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity. Upcoming Expected Milestones ZYNLONTA Achieve commercial brand profitability in 2024 LOTIS-5: Complete enrollment in 2H 2024 LOTIS-7: Part 2 enrollment complete with initial efficacy/safety update in 2H 2024; full/mature data in 1H 2025 Investigator-initiated trial in r/r FL: The study is being expanded to 100 patients in a multicenter clinical trial. Updates are anticipated at medical meetings in 2024/2025. Investigator-initiated trial in r/r MZL: The study is designed to enroll 50 patients in a multicenter clinical trial. Further updates are anticipated at medical meetings in 2024/2025. Pipeline ADCT-601 (targeting AXL) Additional data updates from the Phase 1 study in patients with sarcoma, pancreatic cancer and NSCLC in 2H 2024 ADCT-602 (targeting CD22) Additional data from the Phase 1 study in 2H 2024 Preclinical Advancing a broad portfolio of investigational ADCs for solid tumor indications First Quarter 2024 Financial Results Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents were $234.3 million as of March 31, 2024, compared to $278.6 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company currently expects its cash runway to extend into the fourth quarter of 2025. Product Revenues Net product revenues were $17.8 million for the first quarter 2024, compared to $19.0 million for the first quarter 2023. Net product revenues are for U.S. sales of ZYNLONTA. The decrease was primarily due to higher gross-to-net deductions and lower volume, partially offset by a higher price. Research and Development (R&D) Expenses R&D expenses were $25.7 million for the first quarter 2024, compared to $38.4 million for the first quarter 2023. R&D expenses decreased due to less investment in camidanlumab tesirine (Cami), as well as productivity initiatives and focused investment toward prioritized development programs. The decrease in R&D expenses related to Cami was primarily due to our evaluation of FDA feedback and decision to stop the program. R&D expenses for the first quarter 2024 also decreased due to lower share-based compensation expense resulting from fluctuations in the share price and award forfeitures in connection with terminations. Selling and Marketing (S&M) Expenses S&M expenses were $11.4 million for the first quarter 2024, compared to $15.4 million for the first quarter 2023. The decrease in S&M expenses was primarily due to lower spend on marketing and advertising, lower wages and benefits, as well as lower share-based compensation expense resulting from fluctuations in the share price and award forfeitures in connection with terminations. General & Administrative (G&A) Expenses G&A expenses were $12.0 million for the first quarter 2024, compared to $15.5 million for the first quarter 2023. The decrease in G&A expenses was primarily due to lower share-based compensation expense resulting from fluctuations in the share price and award forfeitures in connection with terminations, lower wages and benefits and insurance costs, partially offset by higher professional fees including audit and legal fees. Net Loss and Adjusted Net Loss Net loss was $46.6 million, or a net loss of $0.56 per basic and diluted share, for the first quarter of 2024 and a net loss of $59.4 million, or a net loss of $0.73 per basic and diluted share for the first quarter of 2023. The decrease in net loss is primarily due to lower operating expenses, partially offset by changes in the fair value of our Deerfield warrant obligation and higher accretion of our deferred royalty obligation. Adjusted net loss, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was $31.1 million, or an adjusted net loss of $0.38 per basic and diluted share for the first quarter 2024 and $41.8 million, or an adjusted net loss of $0.52 per basic and diluted share for the first quarter 2023. The decrease in adjusted net loss for the quarter primarily reflects our lower operating expenses. Conference Call Details ADC Therapeutics management will host a conference call and live audio webcast to discuss first quarter 2024 financial results and provide a company update today at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time. To access the conference call, please register here. Registrants will receive the dial-in number and unique PIN. It is recommended that you join 10 minutes before the event, though you may pre-register at any time. A live webcast of the call will be available under “Events & Presentations” in the Investors section of the ADC Therapeutics website at ir.adctherapeutics.com. The archived webcast will be available for 30 days following the call. About ZYNLONTA® (loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl) ZYNLONTA® is a CD19-directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC). Once bound to a CD19-expressing cell, ZYNLONTA is internalized by the cell, where enzymes release a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) payload. The potent payload binds to DNA minor groove with little distortion, remaining less visible to DNA repair mechanisms. This ultimately results in cell cycle arrest and tumor cell death. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have approved ZYNLONTA (loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified (NOS), DLBCL arising from low-grade lymphoma and also high-grade B-cell lymphoma. The trial included a broad spectrum of heavily pre-treated patients (median three prior lines of therapy) with difficult-to-treat disease, including patients who did not respond to first-line therapy, patients refractory to all prior lines of therapy, patients with double/triple hit genetics and patients who had stem cell transplant and CAR-T therapy prior to their treatment with ZYNLONTA. This indication is approved by the FDA under accelerated approval and in the European Union under conditional approval based on overall response rate and continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial. Please see full prescribing information including important safety information about ZYNLONTA at . ZYNLONTA is also being evaluated as a therapeutic option in combination studies in other B-cell malignancies and earlier lines of therapy. About ADC Therapeutics ADC Therapeutics (NYSE: ADCT) is a commercial-stage global leader and pioneer in the field of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). The Company is advancing its proprietary ADC technology to transform the treatment paradigm for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. ADC Therapeutics’ CD19-directed ADC ZYNLONTA (loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl) received accelerated approval by the FDA and conditional approval from the European Commission for the treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy. ZYNLONTA is also in development in combination with other agents and in earlier lines of therapy. In addition to ZYNLONTA, ADC Therapeutics has multiple ADCs in ongoing clinical and preclinical development. ADC Therapeutics is based in Lausanne (Biopôle), Switzerland and has operations in London and New Jersey. For more information, please visit and follow the Company on LinkedIn. ZYNLONTA® is a registered trademark of ADC Therapeutics SA. Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), this document also contains certain non-GAAP financial measures based on management’s view of performance including: Adjusted total operating expenses Adjusted net loss Adjusted net loss per share Management uses such measures internally when monitoring and evaluating our operational performance, generating future operating plans and making strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. We believe that these adjusted financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and facilitate operating performance comparability across both past and future reporting periods. These non-GAAP measures have limitations as financial measures and should be considered in addition to, and not in isolation or as a substitute for, the information prepared in accordance with GAAP. When preparing these supplemental non-GAAP measures, management typically excludes certain GAAP items that management does not believe are indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Furthermore, management does not consider these GAAP items to be normal, recurring cash operating expenses; however, these items may not meet the GAAP definition of unusual or non-recurring items. Since non-GAAP financial measures do not have standardized definitions and meanings, they may differ from the non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, which reduces their usefulness as comparative financial measures. Because of these limitations, you should consider these adjusted financial measures alongside other GAAP financial measures. The following items are excluded from adjusted total operating expenses: Shared-Based Compensation Expense: We exclude share-based compensation expense from our adjusted financial measures because share-based compensation expense, which is non-cash, fluctuates from period to period based on factors that are not within our control, such as our stock price on the dates share-based grants are issued. Share-based compensation expense has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy. The following items are excluded from adjusted net loss and adjusted net loss per share: Shared-Based Compensation Expense: We exclude share-based compensation expense from our adjusted financial measures because share-based compensation expense, which is non-cash, fluctuates from period to period based on factors that are not within our control, such as our stock price on the dates share-based grants are issued. Share-based compensation expense has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy. Certain Other Items: We exclude certain other significant items that we believe do not represent the performance of our business, from our adjusted financial measures. Such items are evaluated by management on an individual basis based on both quantitative and qualitative aspects of their nature. While not all-inclusive, examples of certain other significant items excluded from our adjusted financial measures would be: changes in the fair value of warrant obligations and the effective interest expense associated with the senior secured term loan facility and the effective interest expense and cumulative catch-up adjustments associated with the deferred royalty obligation under the royalty purchase agreement with HealthCare Royalty Partners. See the attached Reconciliation of GAAP Measures to Non-GAAP Measures for explanations of the amounts excluded and included to arrive at the non-GAAP financial measures. Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “would”, “expect”, “intend”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “estimate”, “predict”, “potential”, “seem”, “seek”, “future”, “continue”, or “appear” or the negative of these terms or similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that can cause actual results to differ materially from those described. Factors that may cause such differences include, but are not limited to: the success of the Company’s updated corporate strategy; the expected cash runway into the beginning of Q4 2025, the effectiveness of the new commercial go-to-market strategy, competition from new technologies, the Company’s ability to grow ZYNLONTA® revenue in the United States; Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB’s (Sobi®) ability to successfully commercialize ZYNLONTA® in the European Economic Area and market acceptance, adequate reimbursement coverage, and future revenue from the same; approval by the NMPA of the BLA for ZYNLONTA® in China submitted by Overland ADCT BioPharma and future revenue from the same, our strategic partners’, including Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, ability to obtain regulatory approval for ZYNLONTA® in foreign jurisdictions, and the timing and amount of future revenue and payments to us from such partnerships; the timing and results of the Company’s or its partners’ research and development projects or clinical trials including LOTIS 5 and 7, ADCT 601 and 602 as well as early research in certain solid tumors with different targets, linkers and payloads; the timing and results of the University of Miami’s investigator-initiated trials in FL and MZL, potential regulatory and/or compendia strategy and the future opportunity; the timing and outcome of regulatory submissions for the Company’s products or product candidates; actions by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities; projected revenue and expenses; the Company’s indebtedness, including Healthcare Royalty Management and Blue Owl and Oaktree facilities, and the restrictions imposed on the Company’s activities by such indebtedness, the ability to comply with the terms of the various agreements and repay such indebtedness and the significant cash required to service such indebtedness; and the Company’s ability to obtain financial and other resources for its research, development, clinical, and commercial activities. Additional information concerning these and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements is contained in the “Risk Factors” section of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K and in the Company's other periodic and current reports and filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, achievements or prospects to be materially different from any future results, performance, achievements or prospects expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements. The Company cautions investors not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained in this document. ADC Therapeutics SA Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operation (Unaudited) (in thousands, except for share and per share data) For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Revenue Product revenues, net $ 17,848 $ 18,953 License revenues and royalties 205 39 Total revenue, net 18,053 18,992 Operating expense Cost of product sales (2,510) 27 Research and development (25,735) (38,375) Selling and marketing (11,390) (15,351) General and administrative (12,031) (15,503) Total operating expense (51,666) (69,202) Loss from operations (33,613) (50,210) Other income (expense) Interest income 2,948 2,175 Interest expense (12,496) (10,291) Other, net (2,595) 833 Total other expense (12,143) (7,283) Loss before income taxes (45,756) (57,493) Income tax expense (163) (518) Loss before equity in net losses of joint venture (45,919) (58,011) Equity in net losses of joint venture (687) (1,363) Net loss $ (46,606) $ (59,374) Net loss per share Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.56) $ (0.73) Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted 82,552,322 80,805,770 ADC Therapeutics SA Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited) (in thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 234,285 $ 278,598 Accounts receivable, net 23,186 25,182 Inventory 15,997 16,177 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 16,738 16,334 Total current assets 290,206 336,291 Non-current assets Property and equipment, net 5,785 5,622 Operating lease right-of-use assets 10,059 10,511 Interest in joint venture 930 1,647 Other long-term assets 986 711 Total assets $ 307,966 $ 354,782 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 14,315 $ 15,569 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 48,670 52,101 Total current liabilities 62,985 67,670 Deferred royalty obligation 310,010 303,572 Senior secured term loans 113,234 112,730 Operating lease liabilities, long-term 9,662 10,180 Other long-term liabilities 6,524 8,879 Total liabilities 502,415 503,031 Total shareholders’ (deficit) equity (194,449) (148,249) Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 307,966 $ 354,782 ADC Therapeutics SA Reconciliation of GAAP Measures to Non-GAAP Measures (Unaudited) (in thousands, except for share and per share data) Three Months Ended March 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Change % Change Total operating expense $ (51,666) $ (69,202) $ 17,536 (25)% Adjustments: Share-based compensation expense (i) 158 8,074 (7,916) (98)% Adjusted total operating expenses $ (51,508) $ (61,128) $ 9,620 (16)% Three Months Ended March 31, in thousands (except for share and per share data) 2024 2023 Net loss $ (46,606) $ (59,374) Adjustments: Share-based compensation expense (i) 158 8,074 Deerfield warrants obligation, change in fair value expense (income) (ii) 3,068 (616) Effective interest expense on senior secured term loan facility (iii) 4,403 4,540 Deferred royalty obligation interest expense (iv) 8,093 5,746 Deferred royalty obligation cumulative catch-up adjustment income (iv) (263) (129) Adjusted net loss $ (31,147) $ (41,759) Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.56) $ (0.73) Adjustment to net loss per share, basic and diluted 0.18 0.21 Adjusted net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.38) $ (0.52) Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted 82,552,322 80,805,770 Share-based compensation expense represents the cost of equity awards issued to our directors, management and employees. The fair value of awards is computed at the time the award is granted, and is recognized over the requisite service period less actual forfeitures by a charge to the statement of operations and a corresponding increase in additional paid-in capital within equity. These accounting entries have no cash impact. Change in the fair value of the Deerfield warrant obligation results from the valuation at the end of each accounting period. There are several inputs to these valuations, but those most likely to result in significant changes to the valuations are changes in the value of the underlying instrument (i.e., changes in the price of our common shares) and changes in expected volatility in that price. These accounting entries have no cash impact. Effective interest expense on senior secured term loans relates to the increase in the value of our loans in accordance with the amortized cost method. Deferred royalty obligation interest expense relates to the accretion expense on our deferred royalty obligation pursuant to the royalty purchase agreement with HCR and cumulative catch-up adjustments related to changes in the expected payments to HCR based on a periodic assessment of our underlying revenue projections. CONTACT: Investors and Media Nicole Riley ADC Therapeutics Nicole.Riley@adctherapeutics.com +1 862-926-9040 (1) See reconciliation of GAAP measures to non-GAAP measures in accompanying financial tables

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100 项与 Epratuzumab-cys-tesirine 相关的药物交易

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
复发性 B 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病	临床2期	美国	ADC Therapeutics SA	2018-08-24
难治性 B 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病	临床2期	美国	ADC Therapeutics SA	2018-08-24

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研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


NCT03698552 (ASH2022) 人工标引	临床1/2期	复发性 B 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病 \| 难治性 B 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病	11	Adct-602	(艱襯膚簾衊餘糧繭憲築) = One pt (50µg/kg weekly dose level) had a DLT of prolonged myelosuppression (marrow blast clearance without blood count recovery). 繭膚艱繭糧鹹鑰鏇衊鬱 (顧齋淵簾蓋壓願淵艱網 ) 更多	积极	2022-11-15