Fluorapacin

Flupyrimin (FLP) is a novel class of insecticide acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and shows robust insecticidal activity. However, the toxicological effects of FLP on Spodoptera litura have not been revealed. In this study, the results showed that the larval survival rate decreased significantly with increasing concentration of FLP. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that FLP exposure damages the structure of the larval midgut. Additionally, FLP treatments significantly increased the activities of detoxification (GST and CarE) and digestive (α-Amylase and Trypsin) enzymes and reduced lipase activity. Transcriptome sequencing identified 855, 1493 and 735 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after exposure to 3 mM FLP, respectively. Gene function enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly related to fatty acid metabolic, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. The DEGs associated with food digestion and detoxification was validated by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, a total of fifteen energy-related metabolites were identified, among which thirteen metabolisms were significantly influenced after FLP treatment based on ¹H NMR-based metabolome analysis, including tyrosine, glucose, trehalose, malate, threonine, proline, glycine, lysine, citrate, alanine, lactate, valine, and leucine. Taken together, these results provide useful information for revealing the toxicological effect of FLP against S. litura.

We report a case of a patient with persistent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) who was on the waiting list for half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT). As the patient's visual function began to deteriorate, patient opted for focal laser photocoagulation (FLP) targeting the presumed leakage site in the superior part of the macula. One month after the FLP treatment, there was complete resolution of SRF accompanied by improved visual function. In light of global verteporfin shortages, limited access to PDT centers, and poor efficacy from other treatment modalities, FLP emerges as an effective treatment option for CSC patients with extrafoveal leakage. Yet, many CSC patients with extrafoveal leakage, who could be effectively treated with FLP, are often merely monitored, experiencing fluctuating SRF and a gradual, irreversible vision decline. Despite FLP's historical presence in CSC treatment, our case serves as an important reminder for retinal specialists to reconsider this treatment approach in selected CSC patients.