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虽然大量患者被诊断为不典型病变或小叶原位癌,但是对于这些病变的诊治,缺乏来自研究证据和专家共识的指南。虽然过去几十年里众多高质量数据已经推动乳腺癌诊治的快速发展,但是受限于前瞻研究数据有限和诊断不确定性,不典型良性增生诊治仍然存在诸多争议。虽然影像学、活检技术和放射病理学相关研究进展表明,这些病变仅代表一系列生物学风险,而非一刀切的手术指征,但是传统的常规手术切除模式仍然长期存在。
2026年8月19日,《美国医学会杂志》外科学分册在线发表哈佛大学医学院贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心和达纳法伯癌症研究院、德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心、埃默里大学医学院、纽约大学格罗斯曼医学院、斯坦福大学医学院、纽万斯医疗、纽约大学朗格尼医疗中心、莱格西医疗、妙佑(梅奥)医疗国际、北岸医疗事业埃文斯顿医院的美国乳腺外科学会、乳腺影像学会和美国病理学会乳腺不典型增生和小叶原位癌诊治指南2026年版。
这是三家学会第三次联合制定良性乳腺病变诊治指南。此次,三家学会合作组建指导小组监督制定诊治指南,主要针对不典型病变和小叶原位癌,其中包括不典型扁平上皮增生、不典型导管增生、不典型小叶增生、经典型小叶原位癌以及变异型小叶原位癌,如多形性小叶原位癌和旺炽性小叶原位癌。
不典型导管增生、不典型小叶增生和经典型小叶原位癌的自然病程表明,这些病变与将来乳腺癌风险升高相关,因此建议诊断为这些病变的患者接受全面风险评定和乳腺癌风险降低策略咨询。
多形性小叶原位癌和旺炽性小叶原位癌与将来乳腺癌风险相关程度尚不确定,但是如果确定这些病变为激素受体阳性,那么应该考虑风险降低药物。
目前尚无证据表明不典型扁平上皮增生与将来乳腺癌风险升高相关。
再次病理复核确认:对于不典型导管增生推荐,对于不典型扁平上皮增生应该考虑,对于不典型小叶增生或小叶原位癌不必。
现有证据支持对大多数粗针活检确诊的不典型导管增生、多形性小叶原位癌和旺炽性小叶原位癌病例进行诊断性切除,但是部分符合严格标准并获得多学科共识的不典型导管增生病例可以进行观察。
多形性小叶原位癌和旺炽性小叶原位癌需要切缘阴性,不典型导管增生不需切缘阴性。
如果粗针活检诊断与影像学特征一致,即影像学与病理学一致性得到证实,那么不典型小叶增生和经典型小叶原位癌可以安全地进行观察。
如果影像学与病理学一致性得到证实,那么仅诊断为不典型扁平上皮增生后,通常不必进行诊断性切除。
因此,该指南为乳腺不典型病变(包括不典型导管增生、不典型小叶增生、不典型扁平上皮增生、经典型小叶原位癌以及变异型小叶原位癌,例如多形性小叶原位癌和旺炽性小叶原位癌)诊治提供了来自研究证据或专家共识的推荐意见。临床医生诊治乳腺不典型病变或小叶原位癌患者时,应该考虑将这些指南纳入临床诊治。
对此,洛马琳达大学医学院发表特邀评论:乳腺不典型病变诊治规范更新。
JAMA Surg. 2026 Aug 19. IF: 15.6
American Society of Breast Surgeons, Society of Breast Imaging, and College of American Pathology 2026 Guidelines for the Management of Proliferative Lesions With Atypia and Lobular Carcinoma In Situ.
Nakhlis F, Bedrosian I, King TA, Heller SL, Allison KH, Boolbol S, Pass HA, Johnson NM, Boughey JC, Yao K.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Stanford Medicine, Stanford, California; Nuvance Health, Poughkeepsie, New York; NYU Langone Health, New York, New York; Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; NorthShore Endeavor Health, Evanston, Illinois.
IMPORTANCE: Many patients are diagnosed with atypical lesions or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS); however, evidence- and consensus-based guidelines for the management of many of these lesions are limited.
OBSERVATIONS: The American Society of Breast Surgeons, in collaboration with the Society of Breast Imaging and College of American Pathology, assembled a steering group to create guidelines for the management of atypical lesions and LCIS, inclusive of flat epithelial atypia (FEA), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), classic LCIS (C-LCIS), and the variant LCIS forms pleomorphic LCIS (P-LCIS) and florid LCIS (F-LCIS). The natural history of ADH, ALH, and C-LCIS suggests that these lesions are associated with an elevated future breast cancer risk; therefore, patients diagnosed with these lesions should be recommended to undergo comprehensive risk assessment and counseling about breast cancer risk-reducing strategies. The magnitude of future breast cancer risk associated with P-LCIS and F-LCIS remains uncertain, yet if these lesions are determined to be hormone receptor positive, risk-reducing medications should be considered. There is no evidence that FEA is associated with an elevated future breast cancer risk. A second pathology review confirmation is recommended for ADH, should be considered for FEA, and is not necessary for ALH or LCIS. Currently available evidence supports the need to diagnostically excise most ADH, P-LCIS, and F-LCIS cases identified on core biopsy, although some ADH cases fulfilling strict criteria and multidisciplinary consensus can be observed. P-LCIS and F-LCIS require a negative margin, but ADH does not. ALH and C-LCIS can be safely observed if the core biopsy diagnosis is concordant with imaging features (ie, radiographic-pathologic concordance is established). Provided radiologic-pathologic concordance is confirmed, diagnostic excision is generally not indicated after a diagnosis of FEA alone.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These guidelines provide evidence-informed, consensus-based recommendations for the management of atypical lesions of the breast, including ADH, ALH, FEA, C-LCIS, P-LCIS, and F-LCIS. Practicing clinicians who treat patients with atypical breast lesions or LCIS should consider integrating these guidelines into clinical management.
PMID: 42616513
DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2026.3552
JAMA Surg. 2026 Aug 19. IF: 15.6
Updated Framework for Atypical Breast Lesions.
Vora H, Denham L, Lum S.
Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.
PMID: 42616553
DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2026.3546
(来源:SIBCS)
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