A review.Dr Andrew Vaillant has hypothesized that the principal mechanism of action of GSK3389404 (N-acetylgalactosamine [GalNAc]-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide [ASO]) and bepirovirsen (non-GalNAc-conjugated ASO with the same target sequence as GSK3389404) is through immune stimulation rather than mRNA degradationAlthough the relative contribution of mRNA/pregenomic RNA degradation and immune stimulation is still under investigation, the authors would like to make the following comments.Dr Vaillant asserts that the mechanism of action of ASOs and small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is inconsistent with mRNA degradation due to the rapid selection of individual point mutations.While it is true that HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) has no proofreading activity, its substitution rate is lower than that of other RT-dependent viruses, and is variable along the genome, with lower substitution rates in overlapping vs. non-overlapping regions.Replication of HBV can be effectively inhibited by nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) therapy without selection of NA resistance despite long-term clin. use.Participants in the GSK3389404 study were on stable NA therapy prior to enrollment and had suppressed viral replication.Dr Vaillant also affirms that single mutations within the binding site will abolish activity.The authors and Dr Vaillant share a mutual understanding of the secondary pharmacol. of bepirovirsen by activating innate immune sensors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs).Dr Vaillant hypothesized that bepirovirsen acts as a TLR9 agonist via one CpG motif present in the DNA part of the gapmer.This suggests an important contribution of the immunostimulatory properties of bepirovirsen towards the observed clin. data.Our results therefore support a primary mode of action of bepirovirsen through RNA degradation, and the immunostimulatory activity of bepirovirsen via immune sensors, such as TLR8, in the liver may be synergized with HBsAg reduction, leading to the clin. responses observed