isobavachalcone

Psoraleae Fructus (PF) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for treating osteoporosis. Previous studies elucidated the pharmacodynamic basis of its treatment for osteoporosis by analyzing the constituents in the blood, but their distribution in bone tissue was not taken into account, which had certain limitations.

This study clarified the pharmacodynamic material basis of PF in the treatment of osteoporosis through a comprehensive analysis of its constituents distributed in plasma and bone tissue, along with the osteogenic activity of constituents distributed in the body.

This research was founded on a pre-established chemical library of PF. The plasma and bone tissues of rats were harvested, and UFLC-MS was employed to detect the constituents absorbed into the plasma and distributed into the bone tissues. The osteogenic activity of the combined constituents entering the body was investigated using MC3T3-E1 subclone cell.

36 constituents absorbed into blood and 42 constituents distributed in bone tissue were identified, furthermore uncovering their plasm pharmacokinetic (PK) and bone tissue distribution (BTD) characteristics. Psoralen (5) and isopsoralen (6) exhibited the highest distribution levels in plasma and bone tissue, reaching 1000 ng/mL and 1000 ng/g. Although the C_max of psoralenoside (45) and isopsoralenoside (46) in plasm were as high as 2068.86 ng/mL and 7486.24 ng/mL, their C_max in bone tissue were only 194.91 ng/g and 310.26 ng/g, which was attributed to their characteristics of high polarity and being easily metabolized. Bakuchiol followed closely, with a plasma C_max of 147.56 ng/mL and bone tissue C_max of 483.05 ng/g. The coumarin compound psoralidin (4), and the prenylated flavonoid constituents, namely neobavaisoflavone (17), corylifol A (21), bavachin (28), bavachinin (29), and isobavachalcone (41), followed in distribution levels with the plasm C_max mostly below 10 ng/mL and the bone tissue C_max at 100-500 ng/mL. The distribution levels of other constituents in the body were mostly below 20 ng/g. The dosage of these constituents were relatively low and they belonged to the derivatives of the main flavonoids. Isopentenyl alterations appeared to enhanced the plasma exposure of the trace constituents. A principal component analysis showed these compounds could be clustered into four types: ''high dosage, high blood drug concentration, and high/medium tissue distribution'', ''high dosage, extremely low blood drug concentration, and medium tissue distribution'', ''high dosage, low blood drug concentration, and medium tissue distribution'', and ''low dosage, low blood drug concentration, and low tissue distribution'' based their dosage, C_max of PK, C_max of BTD and apparent volume of distribution. The main constituents of PF had a high/medium distribution in bone tissue. Furthermore, the main constituents were combined based on the distribution amount, and they could significantly increase the ALP activity and the formation of mineralized nodules, upregulate the mRNA expression levels of BSP and OCN. The western blotting suggested the combined constituents activated AKT signaling, along with the accumulation of β-catenin and the upregulation of Runx2.

The above findings suggested that the main constituents distributed in bone tissue enhanced the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization by activating AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway, indicating them as the pharmacodynamic material basis of PF in the treatment of osteoporosis. Furthermore, this study on PK and BTD analyses of other non-main constituents was also possible to provide extremely crucial reference bases for them at multiple levels, including subsequent research, development, and application.

A natural compound isobavachalcone (IBC) from Crotalaria junceaexhibited an excellent nematicidal effect against Meloidogyne incognita, with an LC₅₀ value of 53.30 mg/L (24 h), which was validated through pot experiments. Further, a novel, multiple nematicidal mechanism of IBC was investigated. We discovered that it simultaneously induced oxidative stress and downregulated key lipid metabolism genes (e.g., fat-5, acox-1.2), leading to a significant reduction in triglyceride and fat content. Notably, IBC was also found to inhibit IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR^ER), as evidenced by suppressed IRE-1 phosphorylation, blocked XBP-1 splicing, and reduced expression of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gene hsp-4. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamics simulations confirmed that IBC stably bound to the ATP-binding pocket of IRE-1. Importantly, the inhibition of IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway was revealed for the first time in nematode lethality. These findings indicate its potential for development as a novel nematicide.