ABSTRACT:
The emergence and spread of chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium vivax
have necessitated the assessment of alternative blood schizonticidal drugs. In Vietnam, chloroquine-resistant
P. vivax
malaria has been reported. In an open-label, single-arm trial, the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pyronaridine-artesunate (Pyramax, PA) was evaluated in Dak Nong province, Vietnam. A 3-day course of PA was administered to adults and children (≥20 kg) infected with
P. vivax
. Patients also received primaquine (0.25 mg/kg daily for 14 days). PA was well tolerated with transient asymptomatic increases in liver transaminases. The per-protocol proportion of patients with day 42 PCR-unadjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response was 96.0% (95% CI, 84.9%–99.0%,
n
= 48/50). The median parasite clearance time was 12 h (range, 12–36 h), with a median fever clearance time of 24 h (range, 12–60 h). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as potential genetic markers of reduced drug susceptibility were analyzed in three putative drug resistance markers,
Pvcrt-o
,
Pvmdr1
, and
PvK12
. Insertion at position K10 of the
Pvcrt-o
gene was found in 74.6% (44/59) of isolates.
Pvmdr1
SNPs at Y976F and F1076L were present in 61% (36/59) and 78% (46/59), respectively. Amplification of
Pvmdr1
gene (two copies) was found in 5.1% (3/59) of parasite samples. Only 5.1% (3/59) of isolates had mutation 552I of the
PvK12
gene. Overall, PA rapidly cleared
P. vivax
blood asexual stages and was highly efficacious in treating vivax malaria, with no evidence of artemisinin resistance found. PA provides an alternative to chloroquine treatment for vivax malaria in Vietnam.
CLINICAL TRIALS:
This study is registered with the
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
as
ACTRN12618001429246
.