BACKGROUNDThe sense of smell is fully developed in newborns and plays an important role in their early development. There are several approaches to studying olfactory processing in the newborn brain, including EEG, fMRI, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Understanding the processing of olfactory stimuli in the newborn brain is of fundamental importance for the development of supportive therapeutic odorant delivery, e.g. for weaning by gavage, and for adapting it to the developing brain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different odors (milk, farnesol odor, and water as a control) on changes in brain activation in newborns in two different brain regions.METHODSNewborns older than 72 h and below an age of seven days were divided into two groups with different optode positioning strategies of NIRS, group I parietal and group II frontal. Olfactory stimulation was administered using milk, farnesol (floral odor), and water as a control.RESULTSA total of 26 newborns participated in the study. In the final analysis, 19 children were included. Allthough the optode positioning does not differ significantly, in group I, farnesol stimulation resulted in a significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin compared to the control, while milk odor showed a decreased amplitude, particularly in the more parietal optode position. In group II, a significant difference was observed between the milk odor and the control, in the frontal areas.CONCLUSIONSThis study revealed significant changes in hemoglobin oxygenation, indicating neuronal activation following different olfactory stimulation in both optode positionings. Whereas milk had more impact in frontal areas, the floral odor caused an effect in parietal areas.

2024-10-01·Food and Chemical Toxicology

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, o-phenyl anisole, CAS registry number 86-26-0

Review

作者: Siddiqi, F. ; Penning, T. M. ; Lapczynski, A. ; Chon, H. ; Sipes, I. G. ; Bruze, M. ; Moustakas, H. ; Kumar, M. ; Fryer, A. D. ; Romine, J. ; Deodhar, C. ; Ritacco, G. ; Api, A. M. ; Date, M. ; Sadekar, N. ; Botelho, D. ; Lavelle, M. ; Belsito, D. ; Schultz, T. W. ; Thakkar, Y. ; Burton, G. A. Jr. ; Cancellieri, M. A. ; Sullivan, G. ; Joshi, K. ; Lee, I. ; Tokura, Y. ; Dekant, W. ; Liebler, D. C. ; Selechnik, D. ; Dagli, M. L. ; Jones, L. ; Na, M.

A review.Phytol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety.Data from read-across analogs farnesol (CAS # 4602-84-0) and geraniol (CAS # 106-24-1) show that phytol is not expected to be genotoxic.Data from read-across analog farnesol (CAS # 4602-84-0) provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity endpoint and a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2700μg/cm² for the skin sensitization endpoint.The reproductive toxicity and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicol. Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material; the exposure to phytol is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day and 1.4 mg/day, resp.).The photoirritation/ photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; phytol is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic.The environmental endpoints were evaluated; phytol was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the IFRA Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/ PNEC]), are <1.

2024-10-01·Immunity, Inflammation and Disease

Promising and challenging phytochemicals targeting LC3 mediated autophagy signaling in cancer therapy

Review

作者: Ali, Enas M. ; Abdallah, Basem M. ; Rajendran, Peramaiyan ; Tejavat, Sujatha ; Renu, Kaviyarasi ; Sekar, Ashok Kumar ; Barik, Parthasarathi ; Genena, Marwa Azmy M. ; Veeraraghavan, Vishnupriya ; Sekar, Ramya

AbstractBackgroundPhytochemicals possess a wide range of anti‐tumor properties, including the modulation of autophagy and regulation of programmed cell death. Autophagy is a critical process in cellular homeostasis and its dysregulation is associated with several pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. In cancer, autophagy plays a dual role by either promoting tumor growth or suppressing it, depending on the cellular context. During autophagy, autophagosomes engulf cytoplasmic components such as proteins and organelles. LC3‐II (microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3‐II) is an established marker of autophagosome formation, making it central to autophagy monitoring in mammals.ObjectiveTo explore the regulatory role of phytochemicals in LC3‐mediated autophagy and their potential therapeutic impact on cancer. The review emphasizes the involvement of autophagy in tumor promotion and suppression, particularly focusing on autophagy‐related signaling pathways like oxidative stress through the NRF2 pathway, and its implications for genomic stability in cancer development.MethodsThe review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of bioactive compounds including Curcumin, Celastrol, Resveratrol, Kaempferol, Naringenin, Carvacrol, Farnesol, and Piperine. Literature on these compounds was examined to assess their influence on autophagy, LC3 expression, and tumor‐related signaling pathways. A systematic literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to 2023. Studies were selected from prominent databases, focusing on their roles in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic interventions, particularly in relation to LC3‐mediated mechanisms.ResultsPhytochemicals have been shown to modulate autophagy through the regulation of LC3‐II levels and autophagic flux in cancer cells. The interaction between autophagy and other cellular pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic modulation highlights the complex role of autophagy in tumor biology. For instance, Curcumin and Resveratrol have been reported to either induce or inhibit autophagy depending on cancer type, influencing tumor progression and therapeutic responses.ConclusionTargeting autophagy through LC3 modulation presents a promising strategy for cancer therapy. The dual role of autophagy in tumor suppression and promotion, however, necessitates careful consideration of the context in which autophagy is induced or inhibited. Future research should aim to delineate these context‐specific roles and explore how phytochemicals can be optimized for therapeutic efficacy. Novel therapeutic strategies should focus on the use of bioactive compounds to fine‐tune autophagy, thereby maximizing tumor suppression and inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells.

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
帕金森病	临床前	韩国	Samsung Biomedical Research Institute	2021-07-28
肺癌	临床前	美国	The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences	2007-05-01