Emfilermin

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional cytokine of the IL-6 family, originally identified in murine leukemia cells. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), primarily affecting the intestine, liver, and skin. Preclinical studies suggest that LIF may protect against GvHD by preserving intestinal stem cells, reducing radiation- and cytokine-induced tissue injury, decreasing donor T-cell infiltration, and suppressing inflammatory cytokine production; importantly, it appears to preserve graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of acute GvHD (aGvHD) and examines the emerging but limited evidence on the immunomodulatory role of LIF. We propose a hypothesis-driven framework for its potential therapeutic application. We highlight the immunomodulatory properties of LIF, including its roles in suppressing proinflammatory responses and promoting regulatory mechanisms. LIF's ability to reduce GvHD severity without compromising GVL highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent. Given the limited but promising data, further research is warranted to evaluate LIF's clinical applicability and safety in transplant recipients.

Heavy‐metal fluoride (HMF) glasses exhibit a combination of broad infrared transparency, low phonon energy, and potential fluoride‐ion conductivity, rendering them promising candidates for optical and electrochemical applications. However, the atomic‐scale environment of La 3+ ions, which governs these properties, remains inadequately characterized. In this work, we systematically examine NaF–LaF 3 and LiF–LaF 3 binary mixtures as model systems using a suite of solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Our findings reveal markedly distinct behaviors of the alkali cations. NaF readily reacts with LaF 3 to form a crystalline NaLaF 4 phase, as unambiguously confirmed by 19 F and 23 Na NMR, along with 2D 19 F– 23 Na HETCOR and CP/MAS experiments. In contrast, LiF exhibits no evidence of forming Li–La–F coordination structures, instead persisting as a phase‐separated LiF/ LaF 3 composite. This divergence is attributed to the stronger Li–F bonding and the limited coordination flexibility of Li + , which hinders disruption of the LaF 3 lattice. These mechanistic insights highlight the critical influence of alkali cation identity on the structural evolution in mixed fluoride systems and offer valuable design principles for ZBLAN and related HMF glasses.