A review. Diabetes is a worldwide epidemic, currendy afflicting over 425 million people on the planet.The incidence of both type1 diabetes(TlD) and type 2diabetes (T2D) is increasing, and it is estimated that nearly 700 million people may have diabetes by the year 2045 (IDF website,2017). TlD is an autoimmune disease that occurs when a persons T lymphocytes mistakenly recognize the endogenous insulin-producing beta cells as foreign and destroy them. Without beta cells and insulin, extreme hyperglycemia ensues, and prior to the advent of pharmaceutical insulin, discovered approx. IOOyears ago, Tl D was lethal within weeks to months of clin. symptom onset (Banting and Best, 1922). The introduction of insulin in the 20th century made Hving with TID feasible, and since that time, numerous advances in insulin pharmacol., glucose monitoring, and insulin delivery, as well as other medications, have gradually improved the fives of patients suffering with this disease. However, there remain endless daily challenges of living with TlD including numerous finger sticks and the need to wear a continuous glucose monitor, estimation of the amount of insulin to take, dietary restrictions and self-administration of insulin (a potentially lethal drug), either by manual injection or a continuously worn pump. Furthermore, even with the best compliance on the part of type 1 patients, it is impossible to control blood glucose sufficiently to avoid the many secondary complications that arise. Moreover, because of the challenges of controlling blood glucose levels with pharmaceutical insulin, Tl D patients are also always at risk of hypoglycemia that can lead to coma or even death. In this review we discuss about given magnitude of the problem, as well as the insufficient nature of the current standard of care, treatment of TID remains a serious unmet medical need.