Universita degli Studi di Foggia

Bovine mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae poses significant economic and health challenges in dairy production, particularly in its subclinical form. In this study, milk samples (n = 305) from different cattle breeds of Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Cholistani, and Holstein Friesian were collected from six dairy farms in Pakistan. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis ranged from 42.3% in Red Sindhi to 77.0% in Sahiwal breeds, with an overall prevalence of 56.39%. The prevalence of K. pneumoniae was 11.8% (36/305), varying significantly among breeds: Cholistani (26.2%), Red Sindhi (17.3%), Holstein Friesian (5.0%), and Sahiwal (0%). Farm-specific prevalence ranged from 0% to 26.2%, underscoring the influence of local management practices. All tested microorganisms remained sensitive to cefotaxime, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin but revealed 100% resistance to ampicillin and 80.5% and 69.4% resistance to amoxicillin and streptomycin, respectively. Molecular analysis detected the bla_TEM in 91.6% of isolates. These findings highlight significant breed and farm-level differences in subclinical mastitis and resistance patterns. The predominance of bla_TEM and full susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins suggest that local K. pneumoniae isolates may differ from global trends. Strengthened farm management and prudent antimicrobial use are essential to limit infections and safeguard both animal and public health.

Climate change, with the increase in ambient temperatures and heat waves, is worsening the health and welfare of sheep. International policies are promoting the use of natural additives to sustain livestock health and welfare. Citrus essential oils (CEO), bioactive plant extracts, have several beneficial effects on livestock, in particular anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated ex ante the possible strategies for the development of CEO in sheep breeding. A Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats-Strategic Orientation round (SWOT-SOr) approach was used, and 2 emerging strategies were identified, namely the "attack" and "face the crisis" strategies. This study allowed the identification of desirable actions to spread the use of CEO in the sheep sector. Policy implications deriving from the results are also provided.

Manufacturers of several intraoral scanners have recommended a 2-step strategy for scanning the edentulous mandible. The 2-step technique requires scanning one side first and then moving to the other side. However, whether inconsistency in stitching occurs that results in loss of accuracy or distortion is unclear.

The purpose of this clinical study was to measure the potential distortion of intraoral scans of edentulous mandibular arches made with a 2-step scanning strategy and to assess their differences with conventional impressions.

Twenty mandibular edentulous arches were scanned by 1 investigator with an intraoral scanner using a 2-step scanning strategy, and a corresponding polysulfide conventional impression was obtained. The conventional impression was then immediately scanned with the same intraoral scanner. The obtained standard tessellation language (STL) files were superimposed with a surface-matching software program. After a preliminary alignment, the STL meshes were trimmed and reoriented; then, the final alignment was carried out and meshes moved to a metrology software program where their mean distance was measured. In addition, a surface curve (SIOS) was traced on the intraoral scan from the right to left retromolar pad along the residual ridge and automatically projected onto to the conventional impression scan to obtain a new curve (SC). The mean distance between SIOS and SC was measured and recorded as an indicator of the distortion by considering the X-, Y-, and Z-axes and the overall 3-dimensional (3D) deviation. The analysis was performed for the full curve length and after dividing it into 6 regions of interest. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to investigate the significance of the extent of the mean 3D distance, as well as the effects of measurement positions (side and region) between and within patients on differences along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (α=.05).

The mean (-0.08 mm; standard error: 0.025) 3D distance between the intraoral scan and conventional impression was significantly different from zero (P=.003). No significant effect of the factor "side" was found by using generalized estimated equation models for the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, and global 3D deviations between SIOS and SC (P>.05), which appeared to exclude distortion. Conversely, a significant effect was found for the factor "region" (P<.05), with no significant differences (P>.05) between corresponding regions on the 2 sides.

Intraoral scans of the edentulous mandibular arch made in a 2-step procedure did not exhibit significant distortion in comparison with conventional impressions.