Delving into the Latest Updates on University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus with Synapse

BackgroundNitrate reductases (NR) expressed in oral bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite. Depending on the environmental conditions and types of bacteria present nitrite can be further reduced to ammonium via Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA), or alternatively to nitric oxide (NO), which impacts cardiometabolic health.ObjectiveTo evaluate the associations between nitrate reduction by salivary bacteria, clinical markers of glucose metabolism, and lifestyle factors that can modulate the oral environment, potentially impacting DNRA and NR expression.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of 144 participants from the San Juan Overweight Adult Longitudinal Study (SOALS), which includes data on glucose metabolism and lifestyle. DNRA and NR activities were measured in saliva under aerobic or CO₂-enriched conditions.ResultsDNRA activity was inversely associated with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [aerobic_{3rd vs.1st tertile}: β=-0.48 (-0.81, -0.15); CO₂-enriched_{3rd vs.1st tertile} β=-0.42 (-0.68, -0.17)], fasting blood glucose [aerobic_{3rd vs.1st tertile} β=-0.144 (-0.268, -0.019); CO₂-enriched_{3rd vs.1st tertile}: β=-0.070 (-0.130, -0.011)], and 2-h glucose [CO₂-enriched_{3rd vs.1st tertile}β=-0.21 (-0.37, -0.04)]. Current smokers had lower DNRA activity than non-smokers under aerobic conditions [β=-1.55 (-2.96, -0.14)], but higher under CO₂-enriched conditions [β = 0.93 (0.15, 1.71)]. Toothbrushing frequency (twice/day vs. once/day) was positively associated with DNRA activity under CO₂-enriched conditions [β = 4.11 (1.90, 6.32)] and with aerobic NR activity [β = 1.20, (0.14, 2.27)]. Physical activity was inversely associated with aerobic NR [β=-0.01, (-0.022, -0.003)]. Under CO₂-enriched conditions NR was inversely associated with the BMI (β=-0.11, p = 0.007). Aerobic NR was higher when sucrose was added to the assays (NADP vs. sucrose β=-0.74, p = 0.02) and positively associated with salivary nitrate levels (β = 0.002, p = 0.002).ConclusionsNitrate reduction by salivary bacteria is inversely associated with insulin resistance and can be modulated by lifestyle factors. This knowledge could lead to the development of novel, non-invasive approaches for monitoring and preventing diabetes progression.

2025-07-01·Journal of Hazardous Materials

Association between organic micropollutants in tap water and human exposure and birth outcomes: Implications for environmental health in northern Puerto Rico

Article

作者: Gao, Griffith ; Rich, Stephanie L ; Padilla, Ingrid Y ; Gu, April Z ; Feng, Yinmei ; Alshawabkeh, Akram N ; Manjourides, Justin ; Vega, Carmen Velez ; Li, Guangyu ; Rosario-Pabón, Zaira ; Kaeli, David ; Meeker, John D ; Helbling, Damian E

The presence of micropollutants in Puerto Rico's tap water, potentially linked to nearby Superfund sites, was hypothesized to contribute to the region's higher preterm birth rate than the US mainland. This study analyzed the presence of 175 micropollutants in tap water samples collected from participant households and evaluated their association with human exposure using 14 oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in urine samples collected from pregnant participants, and further with the subsequent birth outcome information. Notably, three out of four oxidative stress biomarkers consistently showed negative correlations with five micropollutant categories, highlighting the oxidative stress induced by these contaminants. For the ten selected inflammation-related biomarkers, two showed positive yet not significant correlations with the five categories of micropollutants and, only one biomarker (MMP1), an inflammation biomarker whose down-regulation was associated with pre-mature birth implications, showed significant negative correlation with industrial chemicals and pesticides. Interestingly, the detected urinary phthalate metabolites in pregnant women could not be linked with the two parent phthalates found in the tap water, suggesting that the two phthalates in tap water may not be the primary source of phthalate exposure to human body. Furthermore, hormones in tap water showed significant moderate-to-strong negative correlations with birth outcomes, raising specific health concerns for pregnant women in northern Puerto Rico. This is the first study to investigate the association among a wider spectrum of tap water micropollutants with pregnancy exposure and birth outcome in Puerto Rico and provide insights into water quality and associated human health impacts.

2025-05-01·Pediatric Nephrology

IPNA clinical practice recommendations on care of pediatric patients with pre-existing kidney disease during seasonal outbreak of COVID-19

Review

作者: Bonilla-Felix, Melvin ; Exantus, Judith ; Vasudevan, Anil ; Coccia, Paula ; Zhong, Xuhui ; Boyer, Olivia ; Montini, Giovanni ; Duzova, Ali ; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani ; Koch, Vera ; Alhasan, Khalid A ; McCulloch, Mignon ; Filler, Guido ; Amer, Yasser S ; Koh, Jean ; Raina, Rupesh ; Sethi, Sidharth K ; Khan, Samina A ; Allen, Upton

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, instigated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has profoundly impacted healthcare infrastructures around the globe. While children are usually asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, children with pre-existing kidney conditions require specialized attention. This pivotal report, championed by the International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), delivers precise and actionable recommendations tailored for pediatric patients with kidney ailments in this pandemic landscape. Central to our findings are rigorous infection control protocols. These are particularly stringent in high-risk zones, emphasizing telehealth’s indispensable role, the significance of curtailing in-person consultations, and the imperative of following rigorous guidelines in regions with heightened COVID-19 prevalence. Additionally, the report delves into vaccination approaches for children with kidney issues, highlighting that the choice of vaccine is often governed by regional accessibility and policy frameworks, rather than a universal preference. A notable observation is the potential correlation between COVID-19 vaccines and specific kidney disorders. However, establishing a direct causal link remains elusive. In summary, our research accentuates the critical need for specialized pediatric kidney care during global health crises and reaffirms the continuous research imperative, especially regarding vaccination ramifications.

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