Giuliani Group SA

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group multicentre study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of diclofenac 4% spray gel for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated ankle sprain.

Outpatients with acute, uncomplicated, one-sided ankle sprain were randomly assigned to receive diclofenac 4% spray gel or placebo (vehicle) three times daily for 14 ± 1 days. The main efficacy endpoint was the intra-individual response to treatment (≥50% decrease in swelling of the injured ankle after a treatment period of ≤10 days).

The response rate was significantly higher in the diclofenac group ( n = 118) than the placebo group ( n = 114) (91.5% vs. 82.5%). After 3–4 days’ treatment, diclofenac spray significantly reduced swelling, spontaneous pain, pain on active movement and tenderness compared with placebo. Diclofenac spray was well tolerated, with a low overall rate of adverse events.

Diclofenac 4% spray gel rapidly relieves pain and improves mobility in patients with acute, uncomplicated ankle sprain and is well tolerated. It may be a useful treatment option for other acute soft tissue injuries.

3 alpha,7 beta-Dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid (CUDCA) (2a), a side-chain cyclopropylog of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was shown to be a mixture of four stereoisomers (CUDCA A-D). The 22S,23R, and 22R,23S diastereoisomers have been separated, their respective configurations assigned by 13C NMR spectroscopy, and original synthetic schemes for their preparation elaborated. Moreover, theoretical models of the structure of UDCA and CUDCA A-D were built by using molecular computer graphic techniques. It was shown that the four diastereoisomers greatly differ in hydrophilicity, in critical micellar concentration (CMC) in water, and exhibit a different interaction with intestinal bacterial enzymes. It was also shown that CUDCA A-C are not conjugated with glycine or taurine in the liver, while CUDCA D is secreted into bile predominantly as taurine and glycine conjugate.

A review of the use of high internal phase oil-in-water emulsions in cosmetics.