OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

The global cancer gene therapy market size was accounted for USD 2.95 billion in 2023 and it is increasing around USD 18.11 billion by 2033 with a CAGR of 19.9% from 2024 to 2033, according to a new report by Nova One Advisor. Cancer Gene Therapy Market Overview Cancer is a group of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth which can spread to respective parts of the body. Cancer can spread throughout the human body. Gene therapy is a kind of treatment in which the genes that are not normal or are missing in the patient’s cells are replaced with normal genes. Cancer gene therapy is a technique for treating cancers where the therapeutic DNA is introduced in the gene of the individual suffering from cancer. Due to a high success rate in preclinical as well as clinical trials, cancer gene therapy is gaining high popularity all over the world. There are numerous techniques utilized in cancer gene therapy. In one of the gene therapy techniques, either the mutated gene is replaced with a healthy gene, or the gene is inactivated if its function is abnormal. In a newly developed technique, new genes can be introduced in the body of the patient to help fight against cancer cells. Further, the ongoing extensive research and development (R&D) strategies implemented by biopharmaceutical firms for producing novel therapeutic drugs are driving the market growth notably. The market players can aim towards expansions, collaborations, joint ventures, acquisitions, and partnerships to advance capabilities in gene therapy. This would help in yielding effective therapeutic drugs for treating different kinds of cancers. In April 2022, GSK plc announced the acquisition of Sierra Oncology for £1.6 billion ($1.9 billion). This acquisition would help GSK plc in enhancing its capabilities with respect to targeted therapies for treating rare forms of cancer. Biotechnology firms are evaluating novel gene therapy vectors for increasing levels of protein production/gene expression, reducing immunogenicity, and improving durability. The top cancers in terms of the count of new cases in 2020 all over the world were Lung Cancer (2,206,771 cases), Breast Cancer (2,261,419 cases), Prostate Cancer (1,414,259 cases), Colorectal Cancer (1,931,590 cases), Stomach Cancer (1,089,103 cases), and Liver cancer (905,677 cases). In 2018, there were around 134,632 new cancer cases and 89,042 cancer-related fatalities. Breast and liver cancers were among the most common tumors in terms of incidence and mortality. The high prevalence of breast cancer cases enhances the scope for CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing for breast cancer therapy and VISA-claudin4-BikDD gene therapy. Get Sample Copy of Report@ Key Takeaways: North America accounted for the largest share of over 61.15% in 2023. Europe is estimated to be the fastest-growing region over the forecast period Gene induced immunotherapy dominated the market with a revenue share of over 41.9% in 2023. Oncolytic virotherapy is expected to grow at the fastest rate over the forecast period Biopharmaceutical companies led the market with a revenue share of over 50.0% in 2023. The biopharmaceutical companies segment is projected to grow at the fastest rate over the forecast period. Cancer Gene Therapy Market Size in U.S. 2024 to 2033 The U.S. cancer gene therapy market size was valued at USD 1.25 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to reach around USD 7.94 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 20.31% from 2024 to 2033. North America accounted for the largest share of over 61.15% in 2023. This is attributed to the conducive environment facilitated by the government and the National Cancer Institute that supports research and development activities to enhance cancer therapeutics. Further, the presence of key market players in the region, their research efforts in devising gene therapy for cancer treatment, and collaborative efforts among market players to enhance research are boosting the market growth in the region. For instance, in August 2022, Merck & Co., Inc., collaborated with Orna Therapeutics Inc., for discovery, development, and commercialization of multiple programs, inclusive of utilization of mRNA for cancer gene therapy. Europe is estimated to be the fastest-growing region over the forecast period due to increase in research funding for novel therapeutics by government bodies and increasing demand for novel therapeutics that could help combat the growing incidence of cancer cases across the region. Moreover, The European Union’s ‘Horizon Europe Mission on Cancer’ was launched in September 2023 so as to offer funds to a broad spectrum of activities that are intended to lower Europe’s cancer burden by accelerating research and innovation in cancer therapeutics. The mission is anticipated to help over 3 million cancer survivors by the year 2033. The cancer gene therapy market in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region is segmented into India, China, Japan, South Korea, and the rest of the Asia Pacific (APAC) region. China dominated the Asia Pacific region followed by Japan and India in 2023. The Latin America, Middle East, and African (LAMEA) cancer gene therapy market is segmented into North Africa, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Argentina, and the Rest of LAMEA. The Middle East and the Latin America region are anticipated to have notable growth in the cancer gene therapy market during the forecast period. Brazil held the largest share in the LAMEA region in 2023. Due to low literacy, uncertainty, and civil war in African countries, the cancer gene therapy market in Africa is expected to grow at a comparatively slow rate. What are the importance of Cancer Gene Therapy? Targeted Treatment: Gene therapy enables the targeting of specific cancer-causing genes or pathways, allowing for more precise treatment that minimizes damage to healthy cells. Potential for Personalization: Gene therapy can be tailored to individual patients based on their genetic makeup and the specific mutations driving their cancer, offering the potential for personalized medicine approaches. Overcoming Drug Resistance: Cancer cells can develop resistance to traditional treatments like chemotherapy. Gene therapy presents alternative strategies to overcome drug resistance by targeting different mechanisms involved in cancer growth and survival. Reduced Side Effects: By targeting cancer cells specifically, gene therapy can potentially reduce the side effects commonly associated with traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which often affect healthy cells as well. Long-Term Benefits: Gene therapy has the potential to provide long-lasting or even permanent effects, as modified genes can continue to function to suppress or eliminate cancer cells over time. Treatment of Incurable Cancers: For certain types of cancers that are difficult to treat using conventional methods, such as certain types of brain tumors, gene therapy offers new hope for effective treatment options. Combination Therapy: Gene therapy can be used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy, to enhance their effectiveness and improve overall treatment outcomes. Research and Innovation: Continued research and development in cancer gene therapy pave the way for innovative treatment approaches and contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression. Immediate Delivery Available, Get Full Access@ Types of gene therapy for cancer Gene therapy aims to control the altered genes or genetic mutations of a cancer to prevent the cancer’s growth. This approach to using our own cells and genes to treat cancer is called somatic gene therapy. This type of gene therapy does not impact germ-line cells in the reproductive system, meaning none of the genetic changes can be passed on to other family members. There are four types of somatic gene therapy: gene editing; gene replacement; gene addition; and gene inhibition. Gene editing is correcting the cell’s gene to fix the imbalance – by snipping out the faulty part of the gene and changing the cancer’s DNA. This type of gene therapy may correct the alteration rather than trying to remove it. Gene replacement is just that: replacing the faulty or nonworking gene with a healthy copy of it. This type of gene therapy is another form of trying to fix the genetic change rather than trying to remove it. Gene addition is adding novel genetic code to a different cell – usually an immune system fighter cell – to help it combat the protein linked to the damaged gene. CAR T-cell therapy is an example of gene addition. This form of gene therapy isn’t adding a copy of an already-existing gene but rather an entirely new gene – usually with the intent of killing the cancer cell via the immune system. Doctors may also add a new gene directly to the cancer cell that causes the cancer cell to commit apoptosis (kill itself). Gene inhibition simply shuts down the faulty gene. This can either kill the cell or prevent it from acting in a cancerous manner, such as growing and replicating exponentially. Steps of gene therapy Gene therapy is a new and potentially curative approach to treating cancer, but researchers still have so much to learn. While the steps below may seem straightforward, each part of the process requires years of study to develop the technologies. Researchers must first identify the gene and protein linked to the cancer. The next steps are: Create or isolate a normal copy of the gene Develop a viral vector to carry genetic material into cells Insert the gene-carrying vector into the body The viral vector delivers the gene to the tumor microenvironment or immune system cells The vector inactivates to avoid any further (potentially harmful) activity The inserted gene either inactivates, fixes, replaces, or attacks the faulty gene Steps of CAR T-cell therapy CAR T-cell therapy has a slightly different process than more direct forms of gene therapy. CAR T cells are lab-generated fighter cells with specific, anti-cancer genetic code. Adding this genetic code is the gene therapy component of CAR T-cell therapy. CAR stands for “chimeric antigen receptor,” which is the new genetic code added to the T cells. There are six CAR T-cell therapy agents approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for different blood cancers. These approvals validate CAR T cells as an effective form of cancer gene therapy to improve patient life expectancy. Doctors first draw blood from a patient and separate the T cells, which are white blood cells leading the immune system’s defense against viruses, diseases and more unwanted intruders. T cells aim to protect the body from cancer, but they’re often ineffective at doing so. The process of drawing blood from patients and separating the T cells is called apheresis. After removing T cells from the body, the steps of CAR T-cell therapy are: Identify a protein biomarker (overexpressed protein) on the genetically damaged cancer cells Create a RNA strand called a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) coded to look for the protein biomarker Add the chimeric antigen receptors to the extracted T cells Multiply the new CAR T cells in the laboratory Reinsert the newly motivated CAR T cells into the body through infusion A similar process occurs for CAR NK-cell therapy. Scientists create chimeric antigen receptors to strengthen natural killer (NK) cells, another white blood cell of the immune system. How long does CAR T-cell therapy take? There are six CAR T-cell therapies approved for types of three blood cancers: myeloma, leukemia and lymphoma. CAR T-cell therapy infusions can take place in an inpatient or outpatient care setting, but the patient must be closely monitored at all times. CAR T-cell therapy can lead to side effects, most notable cytokine release syndrome. The entire CAR T-cell process lasts approximately one month, not including the recovery time after treatment: First, doctors must remove the patient’s T cells, work on them in a lab, and infuse them back into the body. This step usually takes a few weeks to add the CAR to the T cells and multiply them. The CAR T cells are frozen and returned to the hospital or cancer center where the patient is treated. Infusion of CAR T cells back into the patient takes around one hour, according to the Mayo Clinic’s website. After receiving the CAR T-cell infusion, the medical staff monitors the patient for the next few weeks to watch for side effects caused by the enhanced T cells rapidly expanding in the body and killing the cancer cells. For the first seven days after receiving the CAR T-cell infusion, patients must remain under medical supervision. For weeks 2-4 of the post-infusion timeline, patients must remain within a short drive of their medical facility to respond to any issues. The total recovery period from CAR T-cell therapy is usually 2-3 months following infusion, according to the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. There are several studies for CAR T-cell therapies for cancer. Participating in a clinical trial helps advance cell and gene therapy research and can advance much-needed therapies to more patients in need. Therapy Insights Gene induced immunotherapy dominated the market with a revenue share of over 41.9% in 2023. The dominance of the segment can be attributed to research studies aiming to lower the proliferation of various types of cancer by strengthening the immune system. Many gene therapies for cancers are designed on the basis of immunotherapy elements. For instance, PROVENGE (by Dendreon Corporation) is an autologous cellular immunotherapy designed to stimulate a subject’s immune system against prostate cancer. Oncolytic virotherapy is expected to grow at the fastest rate over the forecast period owing to the favorable outcomes and the level of efficacy offered by oncolytic virotherapy. Oncolytic viruses can combat cancer cells without disturbing the healthy cells in vicinity by stimulating natural killer cells. Moreover, there are lucrative research grants for the research on oncolytic virotherapy. For instance, in July 2022, the researchers at the Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling at the University of Houston received a USD 1.8 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to work on oncolytic virotherapy. End-use Insights Biopharmaceutical companies led the market with a revenue share of over 50.0% in 2023. This is attributed to the increasing global prevalence of different types of cancers owing to various hereditary, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors. Moreover, the market is driven by increasing adoption of elemental gene therapy options by biopharmaceutical giants to design cancer therapeutic regimes. Many novel therapeutic drugs are under different phases of trials and firms are striving to market them in different regions across the globe. For instance, in January 2020, bluebird bio, Inc. launches its drug, ZYNTEGLO in Germany to be used as a one-time gene therapy solution for patients aged 12 years and above. The biopharmaceutical companies segment is projected to grow at the fastest rate over the forecast period. The increasing global prevalence of malignant tumors is a key factor driving the market. Moreover, an increased interest in oncology therapeutics research and development is resulting in a rise in the number of FDA approvals of gene therapy drugs. For instance, there are 6 FDA-approved cancer gene therapy drugs with Tecratus, Abcema, and Kymriah being the recent approvals. Recent Developments: In December 2022, Scientists in the United Kingdom used a revolutionary new type of gene therapy for treating a young patient with relapsed T-cell leukaemia. The administration of this new type of gene therapy raised hopes that it can tackle other childhood cancers as well as serious diseases. In December 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Adstiladrin, a non-replicating adenoviral vector based gene therapy indicated for treating adult patients with high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with carcinoma in situ (CIS) with or without papillary tumors. Some of the prominent players in the Cancer gene therapy market include: Abeona Therapeutics Inc. Asklepios BioPharmaceutical Inc. Altor Bioscience Inc. Bluebird bio Inc. BioCancell Inc. CelgeneInc. Elevate BioInc. GlaxoSmithKlineInc. Genelux Corporation GenVec Introgen TherapeuticsInc. MerckKGaA OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals Inc. Segments Covered in the Report This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2023 to 2033. For this study, Nova one advisor, Inc. has segmented the global cancer gene therapy market. Therapy Oncolytic Virotherapy Gene Induced Immunotherapy Gene Transfer End-use Hospitals Research Institutes Biopharmaceutical Companies Diagnostic Centers Others By Region North America Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Middle East & Africa (MEA) Order the 150+ Pages Detailed Report @ Call: USA: +1 650 460 3308 | IND: +91 87933 22019 |Europe: +44 2080772818 Email: sales@novaoneadvisor.com

SOLANA BEACH, Calif. and REDWOOD CITY, Calif., Sept. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: EFTR), a leader in the development of selective translation regulator inhibitors (“STRIs”) for the treatment of cancer, today announced the addition of Caroline Loewy to its Board of Directors and her election as Chair of the Board’s Audit Committee. Concurrent with Ms. Loewy’s appointment, current Board member John Smither has resigned from the Board. “We are tremendously fortunate to welcome Caroline given her extensive experience as an executive and board member at multiple biopharmaceutical companies,” remarked Steve Worland, Ph.D., president and chief executive officer of eFFECTOR. “Beyond her previous C-suite roles in operations and finance, Caroline also brings to eFFECTOR a wealth of senior analytical and governance experience, having served as an equity research analyst and chair of the Audit Committee at several companies. Her breadth of expertise will provide invaluable insight as we push towards prospective registrational trials and commercialization of our pipeline of selective translation regulator inhibitors. At the same time, on behalf of the entire eFFECTOR team and the Board, I would like to express our utmost gratitude to John for his invaluable contributions to eFFECTOR.” “I look forward to working with the management team and other Board members at eFFECTOR,” said Ms. Loewy. “With two assets in Phase 2 clinical trials with upcoming data readouts, this is an auspicious time for the company, with the potential for significant value creation and pipeline advancement.” “I would like to thank Steve and the rest of the board for the opportunity to serve eFFECTOR,” added Mr. Smither. “I have appreciated the innovation and dedication of eFFECTOR team members that has brought the company to its current position and am confident in their continued execution going forward.” With over 25 years of biopharmaceutical and financial executive experience, Ms. Loewy presently acts independently in providing strategic advisory services to biopharmaceutical companies. Ms. Loewy was a cofounder and the Chief Business Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Achieve Life Sciences, prior to its acquisition by OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 2017. Prior to Achieve, Ms. Loewy previously served as Chief Financial Officer of both public and private biopharmaceutical companies including Tobira Therapeutics, acquired by Allergan Inc. in 2016, Corcept Therapeutics and Poniard Pharmaceuticals. In addition to her biopharmaceutical executive roles, Ms. Loewy also served 11 years as a senior biotechnology equity research analyst at Morgan Stanley and Prudential Securities. Ms. Loewy has also leveraged her medical and financial expertise as a founding board member of the Global Genes Project and of the KCNQ2 Cure Alliance, both non-profit patient and advocacy organizations promoting education and research into rare disease. Ms. Loewy also currently sits on the board of CymaBay Therapeutics, Inc., PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Phoenix Biotech Acquisition Corp. Ms. Loewy holds a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley, and an M.B.A./M.S. from Carnegie Mellon University. About eFFECTOR Therapeutics eFFECTOR is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company pioneering the development of a new class of oncology drugs referred to as STRIs. eFFECTOR’s STRI product candidates target the eIF4F complex and its activating kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinase (MNK). The eIF4F complex is a central node where two of the most frequently mutated signaling pathways in cancer, the PI3K-AKT and RAS-MEK pathways, converge to activate the translation of select mRNA into proteins that are frequent culprits in key disease-driving processes. Each of eFFECTOR’s product candidates is designed to act on a single protein that drives the expression of a network of functionally related proteins, including oncoproteins and immunosuppressive proteins in T cells, that together control tumor growth, survival and immune evasion. eFFECTOR’s lead product candidate, tomivosertib, is a MNK inhibitor currently being evaluated in KICKSTART, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2b trial of tomivosertib in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Zotatifin, eFFECTOR’s inhibitor of eIF4A, is currently being evaluated in Phase 2a expansion cohorts in certain biomarker-positive solid tumors, including ER+ breast cancer and KRAS-mutant NSCLC. eFFECTOR has a global collaboration with Pfizer to develop inhibitors of a third target, eIF4E. Contacts: Investors: Media: Christopher M. Calabrese Managing Director LifeSci Advisors 917-680-5608 ccalabrese@lifesciadvisors.com Kevin Gardner Managing Director LifeSci Advisors 617-283-2856 kgardner@lifesciadvisors.com Mike Tattory Account Supervisor LifeSci Communications 609-802-6265 mtattory@lifescicomms.com

SEATTLE, Wash and VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Dec. 21, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Achieve Life Science, Inc. (NASDAQ: ACHV), a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company committed to the global development and commercialization of cytisinicline for smoking cessation and nicotine dependence, today announced that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has issued U.S. Patent No. 11,459,328 covering the mesylate salt formulation of cytisinicline and the process for its development. “Continuing to expand our intellectual patent portfolio around cytisinicline further protects our nicotine dependence franchise,” commented John Bencich, Chief Executive Officer of Achieve. “Including this latest issuance, our family of patents protecting cytisinicline is now 18, including exclusivity until 2040 for the novel 3.0 mg, three-times daily dosing regimen that has been shown to be effective and very well-tolerated in our Phase 3 clinical development program.” Cytisinicline is a plant-based alkaloid with a high binding affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Achieve continues to pursue numerous patents that will further enhance the product’s stability and the potential for life cycle expansion via varying methods of administration. Achieve is currently conducting the final FDA-registration enabling Phase 3 ORCA-3 trial for smoking cessation and the Phase 2 ORCA-V1 trial evaluating cytisinicline for e-cigarette cessation. The Company continues to expect topline data results for both trials to be announced in the second quarter of 2023. For more information on Achieve Life Sciences and cytisinicline please visit . About Achieve and Cytisinicline  Achieve’s focus is to address the global smoking health and nicotine addiction epidemic through the development and commercialization of cytisinicline. Tobacco use is currently the leading cause of preventable death that is responsible for more than eight million deaths worldwide and nearly half a million deaths in the United States annually.1,2 More than 87% of lung cancer deaths, 61% of all pulmonary disease deaths, and 32% of all deaths from coronary heart disease are attributable to smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.2 In addition, there are nearly 11 million adults in the United States who use e-cigarettes, also known as vaping.3 While nicotine e-cigarettes are thought to be less harmful than combustible cigarettes, they remain addictive and can deliver harmful chemicals which can cause lung injury or cardiovascular disease.4 In 2021, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product reported by 1.72 million high school students.5 Research shows adolescents who have used e-cigarettes are seven times more likely to become smokers one year later compared to those who have never vaped.6 Currently, there are no FDA-approved treatments indicated specifically as an aid to nicotine e-cigarette cessation. Cytisinicline is a plant-based alkaloid with a high binding affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It is believed to aid in treating nicotine addiction for smoking and e-cigarette cessation by interacting with nicotine receptors in the brain, reducing the severity of withdrawal symptoms, and reducing the reward and satisfaction associated with nicotine products. Cytisinicline is an investigational product candidate being developed for treatment of nicotine addiction and has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for any indication in the United States. For more information on cytisinicline and Achieve visit . Forward Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, but not limited to, statements regarding the timing and nature of cytisinicline clinical development, data results and commercialization activities, the potential market size for cytisinicline, the potential benefits, safety and tolerability of cytisinicline, the ability to discover and develop new uses for cytisinicline, including but not limited to as an e-cigarette cessation product, and the development and effectiveness of new treatments. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements. Achieve may not actually achieve its plans or product development goals in a timely manner, if at all, or otherwise carry out its intentions or meet its expectations or projections disclosed in these forward-looking statements. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements, including, among others, the risk that cytisinicline may not demonstrate the hypothesized or expected benefits; the risk that Achieve may not be able to obtain additional financing to fund the development of cytisinicline; the risk that cytisinicline will not receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized; the risk that new developments in the smoking cessation landscape require changes in business strategy or clinical development plans; the risk that Achieve’s intellectual property may not be adequately protected; general business and economic conditions; risks related to the impact on our business of the COVID-19 pandemic or similar public health crises and the other factors described in the risk factors set forth in Achieve’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including Achieve’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Achieve undertakes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained herein or to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date hereof, other than as may be required by applicable. Investor Relations Contact Rich Cockrell achv@cg.capital (404) 736-3838 Media Contact Glenn Silver Glenn.Silver@Finnpartners.com (646) 871-8485 References 1World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. 2U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014. 3Cornelius ME, Wang TW, Jamal A, Loretan CG, Neff LJ. Tobacco Product Use Among Adults — United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1736–1742. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a4 4Ogunwale, Mumiye A et al. (2017) Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. ACS omega 2(3): 1207-1214. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00489]. 5Gentzke AS, Wang TW, Cornelius M, et al. Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students – National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Surveill Summ 2022;71(no. SS-5):1-29. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7105a1. 6Elizabeth C. Hair, Alexis A. Barton, Siobhan N. Perks, Jennifer Kreslake, Haijun Xiao, Lindsay Pitzer, Adam M. Leventhal, Donna M. Vallone, Association between e-cigarette use and future combustible cigarette use: Evidence from a prospective cohort of youth and young adults, 2017–2019, Addictive Behaviors, Volume 112, 2021, 106593, ISSN 0306-4603. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106593.