The two-component system (TCS), a ubiquitous signaling network consisting of histidine kinases (HKs), phosphotransfers (HPs), and response regulator proteins (RRs), participates in various functions, including responses to abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive identification of TCS genes in tea plants is still lacking. Here, we identified 60 CsTCS members in tea plants, including 23 HKs, 10 HPs, and 27 RRs. The analysis of promoter cis-regulatory elements indicated that CsTCS genes are involved in phytohormone signaling, stress responses, and growth and development. The expression of CsETR1, CsETR2b, CsERS1b, and CsEIN4b from the HK subfamily was down-regulated by ethylene, whereas CsHK2b and CsHK3a were down-regulated by cytokinin. Conversely, CsHK4a and CsHK4b were up-regulated by cytokinin. CsTCS genes were widely expressed in various tissues, with the majority associated with multiple stresses. Furthermore, we demonstrated that suppressing the type-A response regulator CsRR5 in tea plants reduced cold tolerance and the expression of CBF-COR pathway genes, indicating that CsRR5 positively regulates the cold stress response through the CBF pathway. Therefore, our study establishes a connection between the two-component system and its downstream regulation in tea plant cold stress response.