Vitamin E Deficiency

Obesity, due to its associated chronic, systemic inflammation, increases the risk for metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, various malignant tumors, and numerous immune-mediated disorders.With weight loss, less inflammation is expected, but adipose tissue inflammation can persist long after weight loss. One study showed that immediately after weight loss fat breakdown releases fatty acids triggering an increase in adipose tissue (AT) proinflammatory macrophages and inflammation. Over time, there is a gradual decline in inflammatory processes.The NLRP3 inflammasome and its release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, by AT macrophages is essential in development of obesity-related complications. NLRP3 inhibition in a DIO mouse model protected against cardiovascular complications and fatty liver disease.Data from this review article support ZyVersa’s development of Inflammasome ASC Inhibitor IC 100 for obesity with associated comorbidities to be used as an add-on to incretin therapy. WESTON, Fla., Oct. 29, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ZyVersa Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: ZVSA, or “ZyVersa”), a clinical stage specialty biopharmaceutical company developing first-in-class drugs for treatment of inflammatory and renal diseases, highlights data from a review article published in the peer-reviewed journal, Life. The article summarizes data from 345 publications on the role of inflammasome-induced inflammation in obesity and its comorbidities, and it reinforces the need for therapeutic options to better address the inflammation. “Strong evidence that obesity treatment needs to go beyond weight loss and address the damaging inflammation leading to life-altering comorbidities is driving ZyVersa and other biopharma companies to invest in development of drugs to be used along with incretin therapy to treat inflammation,” said Stephen C. Glover, ZyVersa’s Co-founder, Chairman, CEO and President. “Studies documenting the key role of inflammasomes in triggering obesity-associated inflammation led ZyVersa to focus on this area for development of Inflammasome ASC Inhibitor IC 100. We are excited about the potential of IC 100 to effectively control the inflammation of obesity. Unlike the NLRP3 inhibitors in development, IC 100 targets ASC to inhibit multiple inflammasomes, including NLRP3 and AIM2, which are associated with obesity. More importantly, IC 100 uniquely disrupts the function of ASC specks to attenuate chronic, systemic inflammation leading to obesity comorbidities. We look forward to progressing IC 100’s obesity development program into phase 1 around mid-2025.” In the review article titled, The Interplay between Obesity and Inflammation, the authors concluded: Development of adipose tissue inflammation triggers subsequent cardiovascular events and therefore represents a major reason for the treatment of obesity.The interplay between obesity and inflammation is complex, involving a variety of cellular and humoral factors, and due to the complexity and particular features of the adipose tissue, the inflammation within may persist for long periods of time.Macrophages are the main cellular component driving adipose tissue chronic inflammation. Modulation of macrophages and their release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as NLRP3-driven IL-Iβ and IL-18, can be a key factor in medical intervention in obese patients.Understanding the pathophysiological changes in adipose tissue and the interplay with chronic inflammation can assist in the design of future studies and reveal opportunities for the development of more efficient therapies for obesity. About Inflammasome ASC Inhibitor IC 100 IC 100 is a novel humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that inhibits the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC. IC 100 was designed to attenuate both initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory response. It does so by binding to a specific region of the ASC component of multiple types of inflammasomes, including NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and Pyrin. Intracellularly, IC 100 binds to ASC monomers, inhibiting inflammasome formation, thereby blocking activation of IL-1β early in the inflammatory cascade. IC 100 also binds to ASC in ASC Specks, both intracellularly and extracellularly, further blocking activation of IL-1β and the perpetuation of the inflammatory response that is pathogenic in inflammatory diseases. Because active cytokines amplify adaptive immunity through various mechanisms, IC 100, by attenuating cytokine activation, also attenuates the adaptive immune response. The lead indication for IC 100 is obesity and its associated metabolic complications. To review a white paper summarizing the mechanism of action and preclinical data for IC 100, Click Here. About ZyVersa Therapeutics, Inc. ZyVersa (Nasdaq: ZVSA) is a clinical stage specialty biopharmaceutical company leveraging advanced proprietary technologies to develop first-in-class drugs for patients with inflammatory or kidney diseases with high unmet medical needs. We are well positioned in the rapidly emerging inflammasome space with a highly differentiated monoclonal antibody, Inflammasome ASC Inhibitor IC 100, and in kidney disease with phase 2 Cholesterol Efflux MediatorTM VAR 200. The lead indication for IC 100 is obesity and its associated metabolic complications, and for VAR 200, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Each therapeutic area offers a “pipeline within a product,” with potential for numerous indications. The total accessible market is over $100 billion. For more information, please visit www.zyversa.com. Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These include statements regarding management’s intentions, plans, beliefs, expectations, or forecasts for the future, and, therefore, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on them. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed, and actual results may differ materially from those projected. ZyVersa Therapeutics, Inc (“ZyVersa”) uses words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “plans,” “expects,” “projects,” “future,” “intends,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “guidance,” and similar expressions to identify these forward-looking statements that are intended to be covered by the safe-harbor provisions. Such forward-looking statements are based on ZyVersa’s expectations and involve risks and uncertainties; consequently, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the statements due to a number of factors, including ZyVersa’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the timing of initiation of ZyVersa’s planned preclinical and clinical trials; the timing of the availability of data from ZyVersa’s preclinical and clinical trials; the timing of any planned investigational new drug application or new drug application; ZyVersa’s plans to research, develop, and commercialize its current and future product candidates; the clinical utility, potential benefits and market acceptance of ZyVersa’s product candidates; ZyVersa’s commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy; ZyVersa’s ability to protect its intellectual property position; and ZyVersa’s estimates regarding future revenue, expenses, capital requirements and need for additional financing. New factors emerge from time-to-time, and it is not possible for ZyVersa to predict all such factors, nor can ZyVersa assess the impact of each such factor on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements included in this press release are based on information available to ZyVersa as of the date of this press release. ZyVersa disclaims any obligation to update such forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this press release, except as required by applicable law. This press release does not constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities. Corporate, Media, and IR Contact:Karen CashmereChief Commercial Officerkcashmere@zyversa.com786-251-9641

MAX BioPharma is Pursuing Strategic Partnerships and Series A Financing LOS ANGELES, Oct. 24, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- MAX BioPharma, Inc. ( ) recently published an article demonstrating the anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering effects of its orally bioavailable oxysterol lead compound, Oxy210, in the peer-reviewed journal, Cells. Oxy210 is derived from the Company's Oxysterol Therapeutics® platform of proprietary small molecule oxysterols that has enabled discovery of diverse oxysterol-based drug candidates in different therapeutic areas, such as bone regeneration, viral and bacterial infection, cancer, pathologic fibrosis, and chronic inflammation. Oxy210 displays unique mechanisms of action that mediate its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects based on multipronged targeting of not just one, but multiple cellular signaling pathways. When dysregulated, these vital signals are known to drive the progression of complex diseases such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and its comorbidity, atherosclerosis, which is the leading cause of death in people with MASH. Continue Reading During previous research conducted at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles and directed by Principal Investigator Dr. Jake Lusis, Professor of Medicine, and Dr. Simon Hui, Project Scientist, Oxy210 was found to significantly inhibit the development of fibrosis in a humanized mouse model of MASH that involves progressive inflammation, fat deposition, and fibrosis in the livers of these mice. The inhibition of fibrosis by Oxy210 was associated with reduced hepatic lipid deposition and the inhibited expression of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory factors including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), NLRP3 inflammasome, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Moreover, Oxy210 inhibited adipose tissue inflammation, suggesting its anti-inflammatory potential that reaches beyond the liver. In their recently published article, the investigators report on significant inhibition of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, in addition to parallel inhibition of MASH. Treatment with Oxy210 was associated with lowering circulating cholesterol levels and reducing macrophage proliferation and content in the artery wall. Together with the in vitro findings of the anti-inflammatory effects of Oxy210 in aortic endothelial cells and macrophages, it appears that Oxy210 could be a promising drug candidate for targeting MASH, atherosclerosis, and perhaps other chronic inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic dysfunction. An anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, cholesterol-lowering oxysterol drug candidate targeting MASH and atherosclerosis Post this "There is an urgent need for therapies to treat fatty liver disease and its more advanced form, MASH, and I find the results of our studies with MAX BioPharma quite exciting" states Dr. Lusis. "Our humanized hyperlipidemic mouse model of MASH reflects the natural history of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) progression in humans and reproduces the salient features of human MASH. Attenuation of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation, as well as anti-atherosclerotic effects suggest that Oxy210 should be further explored as a therapeutic candidate for targeting both conditions " explains Dr. Hui." Dr. Frank Stappenbeck, Director of Chemistry at MAX BioPharma, comments: "Oxysterol-based molecules have been our treasure-trove, driving the Company's drug discovery efforts across several therapeutic indications", adding that "Surprisingly, Oxy210 acts a bit like a Swiss-army knife by combining anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and lipid-lowering effects, a rare combination of helpful properties". Additional pre-clinical studies required by the FDA for clinical development of Oxy210 are currently underway at MAX BioPharma and the Company is seeking strategic partnerships with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with the expertise and resources to further the development of oxysterol-based molecules towards FDA approval and commercialization. In addition, MAX BioPharma is in the process of raising a series A tranche financing round to support the advancement of its therapeutic development programs. "We are very excited and hopeful that our efforts will result in an effective and safe therapy for MASH, a condition with currently only one FDA-approved treatment, indicated for non-cirrhotic MASH and apparently effective in less than 30% of patients. Nevertheless, with dozens of failed clinical drug candidate in this field, this first ever FDA-approved drug reintroduced some degree of hope for people suffering with this condition, once considered untreatable" says Dr. Farhad Parhami, Founder, President and CEO of MAX BioPharma, adding "we hope to continue the advancement of MASH therapeutics with our novel drug candidate". About MAX BioPharma, Inc. MAX BioPharma is a privately held preclinical stage California-based biopharmaceutical company developing novel small molecule lipids as drug candidates for intervention in debilitating and fatal human diseases. The company will be a leader in a new field of Oxysterol Therapeutics® by leveraging a robust and growing intellectual property portfolio that will lead to treatments for numerous indications. MAX BioPharma's first success based on small molecule lipids has contributed to the discovery of novel osteogenic oxysterol compounds that target multipotent mesenchymal cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, to induce the formation of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone. The company is translating this technology into the next generation of therapeutic agents for stimulation of bone formation, locally and systemically, in indications such as spinal fusion, non-union fractures, and osteoporosis. MAX BioPharma is also pursuing the development of small molecule oxysterols that function as anti-tumorigenic Hedgehog and TGF-b pathway antagonists that will be more effective than currently known antagonists in treating a variety of cancers, including lung and pancreatic cancer, and hematologic malignancies, as well as fibrotic diseases of liver, lung, and kidney among others. For more information, please visit us at Media Contact: Farhad Parhami [email protected] SOURCE MAX BioPharma WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

引用本文 尹茂山,王寅,李峥,王士奇,尹华静,笪红远*,叶旋*.非酒精性脂肪性肝炎新药研发的回顾与思考[J].中国食品药品监管,2024(7):26-35. 非酒精性脂肪性肝炎新药研发的回顾与思考 Review and Reflection on the Development of New Drugs for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis 尹茂山 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 YIN Mao-shan Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 王寅 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 WANG Yin Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 李峥 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 LI Zheng Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 王士奇 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 WANG Shi-qi Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 尹华静 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 YIN Hua-jing Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 笪红远* 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 DA Hong-yuan* Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 叶旋* 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 YE Xuan* Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration 摘  要 / Abstract 非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）已成为我国第一大慢性肝病。在NAFLD 的各种表型中，非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）极有可能发展为包括肝硬化、肝癌在内的终末期肝病，导致由肝脏坏死引起的死亡率增加，这也是欧美等发达国家和地区采用肝移植术进行治疗的主要原因。目前NASH 的治疗仍处在联合用药治疗的阶段，尚存在严重未满足的临床需求，除美国批准新药Resmetirom 外，国内外再无其他NASH 新药上市。NASH 新药的成药性及其评价标准始终是最受关注的内容。本文通过分析NASH 新药研发状况，反映出非临床药效学研究的支持性不足以及临床研究达不到终点评价指标对新药成药性的影响，也提示着非临床药效学研究结果是否支持用于NASH 临床试验、临床试验研究能否达到评价终点是促进NASH 新药开发进程的关键节点。 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease in China. Among the various phenotypes of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is highly likely to develop into end-stage liver diseases, including cirrhosis and liver cancer, leading to increased mortality. This is also the main cause of liver transplantation in developed countries or region in Europe and America. At present, the treatment of NASH remains in the form of combination therapy, and there are serious unmet clinical needs for targeted new drugs. Apart from the approval of the new drug Resmetirom in the United States, no other NASH new drugs are on the market domestically or internationally. The medicinal properties and evaluation criteria of NASH new drugs have always been of significant concern. The lack of support for nonclinical pharmacodynamics research and the impact of clinical trials not meeting endpoint evaluation indicators on the druggability of new drugs are reflected in the development status of NASH new drugs. This also suggests that whether nonclinical pharmacodynamics research results support the use of NASH clinical trials and whether clinical trials can achieve evaluation endpoints are key factors in promoting the development process of NASH new drugs. 关 键 词 / Key words 非酒精性脂肪性肝病；非酒精性脂肪性肝炎；有效性；成药性；回顾与思考 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; efficacy; druggability; review and reflection 据全球肝脏研究所预计，2030 年全球将有3.57 亿人的生活受到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（non-alcoholic steatohepatitis，NASH）的影响[1]。十年来，国内外针对NASH 的新药研发和申请数量持续增加，国内2018 年至今申请数目超过60 项、涉及靶点近30 个。据ClinicalTrial统计[2]，截至2023 年初，全球有1200 余项与非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non-alcoholic fatty liver disease，NAFLD）/NASH 相关的临床研究，但是NASH 新药几乎难以有完整的临床研究，所有NASH 的药物研发几乎都以失败告终，主要原因归结为NASH复杂的发病机制以及诊断障碍给相关药物临床研究带来的极大挑战。自2018 年开始，美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and Drug Administration，FDA）、欧洲药品管理局（European Medicines Agency，EMA）和国家药品监督管理局（National Medical Products Administration，NMPA） 相继发布了NASH 药物临床开发的技术指导原则，其中欧洲肝脏研究协会（European Association for the Study of the Liver，EASL）年会和美国肝病研究学会（American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases，AASLD）年会已成为NASH 新药研发的风向标。 01 关于Resmetirom 2024 年3 月14 日FDA 批准口服药Resmetirom（以下简称RES） 上市， 用于治疗肝纤维化处于中度阶段（F2~F3 期）的NASH 患者，这是FDA 批准的第1 个用于治疗NAFLD 的药物。RES 属于甲状腺激素受体β（thyroid hormone receptors β，THRβ）选择性激动剂，在降低脂肪肝恶化率的同时，可以降低低密度胆固醇、甘油三酯和脂蛋白a[Lipoprotein（a），Lp（a）]水平，其获批适应症具体为：联合饮食和运动，用于治疗患有中重度肝纤维化的非肝硬化NASH或代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝炎（MASH）成人患者[3]。 1.1 临床试验研究重点 RES 的获批是NASH 治疗领域的一个重大突破，主要是基于MAESTRO-NASH 的一项关键Ⅲ 期临床试验。该试验于2019 年3 月启动，是全球首个在NASH 患者中达到FDA 提出的“两个主要终点”（NASH 缓解和纤维化改善）的多中心、双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期临床研究[4]。研究结果显示，RES80mg 和100mg 剂量组患者的症状缓解水平和肝脏纤维化改善水平更高，达到非酒精性脂肪性肝病活动评分（NAFLD activity score，NAS）下降的主要终点。其中，在NASH 缓解且纤维化不恶化的主要终点方面，100mg 剂量组、80mg 低剂量组及安慰剂对照组发生率分别为30%、26%和10% ；在纤维化改善≥ 1 级且NAS 不恶化的主要疗效终点方面，三组的发生率依次为26%、24% 和14% ；在次要终点低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）变化幅度方面，三组分别为-16%、-12% 和1%。 1.2 非临床药效学研究 在RES 早期开发中， 开展了基于小鼠DIO-NASH 模型的药效学研究，该模型系高脂、高果糖、高胆固醇模型， 在诱导31 周后行肝穿刺和组织病理分析，确认肝纤维化为F2 期及以上的小鼠造模成功， 给药8 周（经口，3mg/kg，每天1 次）后检测了小鼠的血生化及肝生化指标，并取肝脏进行病理分析，检测NAS 及纤维化评分。结果显示，模型组血浆总胆固醇（total cholesterol，TC）、肝脏TC 及甘油三酯（triglyceride，TG）显著升高，而RES 可明显改善血浆TC、TG 指标以及肝脏TC和总脂量，大致与上述的临床药效数据相吻合。肝脏病理切片的HE 染色、天狼猩红染色结果提示，模型+RES 组的平均NAS 下降为1.6，提示RES 能显著改善该模型中与肝脂肪变性相关的病理指标；但在该模型中未见RES 对动物肝纤维化的明显改善[5]。 其他研究者对一系列啮齿NASH 动物模型进行筛选， 确认使用高脂饲料（ high-fat diet，HFD）联合CCl4 诱导的肝脂肪变性及纤维化与NASH 临床症状相关性程度较高， 故选择小鼠HFD-CCl4 NASH 模型开展了RES 的非临床药效研究，探索了该模型（HFD+CCl4） 在NASH 新药临床药效预测中的效率[6]。肝脏组织病理学研究显示，仅奥贝胆酸（obeticholic acid，OCA）和RES 展示了明显的改善NASH 药效，两者对NAS 及肝纤维都有显著的改善， 具体为：① NAS 平均下降>2 分，基本消除了脂肪变性，对炎症反应及肝细胞气球化也有改善。②纤维化平均下降约1 分，且该变化具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；组织病理分析进一步确认RES 和OCA 的抗纤维化药效主要与改善肝脏中隔膜性纤维化相关。此外，血生化指标检测结果显示，RES 可显著降低血清TG、TC、低密度脂蛋白（low density lipoprotein，LDL） 及高密度脂蛋白（high density lipoprotein，HDL）水平，本试验中的非临床研究结果与该化合物在Ⅰ期临床试验中观察到的结果相吻合。 02 NASH 新药探索 2.1 对NASH 的认识 NAFLD 是一种代谢综合征相关的肝脏疾病，与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、Ⅱ 型糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压等相关， 在组织学上将NAFLD 分为单纯性脂肪肝、NASH 及NASH 相关的肝纤维化、肝硬化[7]。NASH 是NAFLD 进展中的重要环节，可导致肝纤维化、肝硬化，严重者可诱发肝细胞癌。 在2020 年和2023 年，NAFLD和NASH 分别被建议更名为代谢相关脂肪性肝病（metabolic associated fatty liver disease，MAFLD）和代谢相关脂肪性肝炎（metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis，MASH），而后采用涵盖脂肪变性的各种病因的总体术语“代谢功能障碍相关脂肪变性肝病（metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease，MASLD）”。NAFLD 和NASH 更名的过程是临床对该病认识不断深入的过程，胰岛素抵抗和脂肪组织功能障碍（如伴有炎症、纤维化和干细胞异常的“脂肪病”）与肝脏疾病的严重程度以及肥胖引起的严重心血管和代谢并发症的发展密切相关，更名强调了代谢相关因素在脂肪肝发病中的作用，符合现代疾病谱的变化，有助于推动内分泌、营养、心血管等多学科参与脂肪肝治疗的合作，也推动着NASH临床试验的纳排标准和治疗终点的进一步科学化完善[8]。 2.2 新药临床研究终点 在新药研发中， 临床结局的改善是评价药物疗效的硬终点，也是药物治疗的重要目标。NAFLD 和NASH 药物临床研究的重要临床结局系肝脏相关死亡率和全因死亡率，其中全因死亡率是包括NAFLD 和NASH 在内的许多可能致死性、慢性疾病治疗方法临床研究的关键性终点评估指标[9-10]。但鉴于NASH疾病发展缓慢等特点，相关新药研发面临巨大挑战。例如，早期NASH 患者需有10~15 年观察期，这使得以临床结局的改善作为新药研发的终点存在可操作性差的问题。FDA、EMA 逐渐认识到在NASH 新药研究中合理使用替代治疗终点的迫切性，但同时替代治疗终点如何定义及其反映临床结局和（或）获益的程度多少也成为了新的挑战。 2018 年之后，FDA、EMA和NMPA 相继发布NASH 药物临床开发的技术指导原则，明确提出了可将组织学改善作为NASH 药物研发的替代治疗终点。NASH 的组织病理特征表现包括大泡性脂肪变性、肝细胞气球样变、散在小叶性炎症和凋亡小体以及Mallory-Denk 小体等。目前，美国NASH 临床研究网络提出的NAS 评分系统，因其对NASH 疾病程度分类更细而被作为组织学评价的标准广泛应用于NASH 临床试验和药物研究中， 是目前被大众认可的NAFLD/NASH 病理评价体系[11]。为了加快新药审批过程，2018 年FDA 发布的《NASH 伴肝纤维化治疗药物的研发指南（草案）》（Noncirrhotic Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis: Developing Drugs for Treatment） [12]中提出，对于中度或桥接纤维化的NASH（F2~F3 期），可以将肝组织学改善作为临床治疗终点；2019 年AASLD 和EASL 发表的《NAFLD 临床试验终点的联合研讨会报告》（Report on the AASLD/EASL Joint Workshop on Clinical Trial Endpoints in NAFLD） [13]中指出，也可将组织病理学改善作为NASH 新药研究的替代终点指标。此外，对于代偿期NASH相关肝硬化的临床试验，仍建议继续以临床结局的改善作为终点指标， 同时组织学的改善也是Ⅱ / Ⅲ期临床研究重要治疗终点之一。 NMPA 于2019 年发布《非酒精性脂肪性肝炎治疗药物临床试验指导原则（试行）》[14]，其中对于NASH 新药研发的后期探索阶段，推荐以组织学改善作为主要疗效指标时：“① NASH改善， 同时纤维化无恶化；或者，②肝组织纤维化改善1 分及以上， 同时NASH 无恶化；或者， ③ NASH 改善同时肝组织纤维化改善1 分及以上。NASH改善定义为NAS 评分至少降低2 分，其中气球样变至少降低1分，脂肪变评分不增加。”在确证性临床试验阶段，对于无肝硬化的NASH 患者，目前可接受的肝组织病理学替代终点包括脂肪性肝炎和（或）纤维化的改善，推荐：“① NASH 缓解同时，纤维化无恶化；或者，②肝组织纤维化改善1 分及以上，同时NASH无恶化；或者，③ NASH 缓解同时肝组织纤维化改善1 分及以上。NASH 缓解定义为NAS 评分中炎症评分为0~1 分，气球样变评分为0 分，脂肪变评分不增加。” 当然，组织学的改善可以作为NASH 新药研究替代终点的主要依据是既往研究中组织学与预后的关系[15]。现阶段，NASH新药研发仍需要进一步研究来证明临床获益，以及对于临床结局的改善， 如FDA 和NMPA 在NASH 新药研发方面均强调，若基于组织学疗效终点的新药获得加速审批，还需在上市后开展Ⅳ期临床结局的研究以验证疗效，进而获得全面上市批准[16-17]。 03 NASH 新药研发 目前， 针对NASH 适应症，药品研发企业、科研院所等始终不懈投入努力，在众多潜在治疗靶点上探索开发可用于治疗NASH 的新药。 3.1 NASH 新药在研靶点 目前， 治疗NASH 的热门研究靶点包括胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagon-like peptide-1，GLP-1） 受体、法尼醇X 受体（Farnesoid X Receptor，FXR）、胰高血糖素受体（glucagon receptor，GCGR）、THR-β、成纤维细胞生长因子21（fibroblast growth factor 21，FGF21）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferators-activate dreceptors，PPARs）等。从靶点来看，治疗NASH 的药物研发可根据作用机制大致分为以下几类。 （1）脂质代谢调节剂。这类药物主要作用于脂质代谢相关靶点，通过调节脂质代谢来减少肝脏中的脂肪积累，包括PPARα/δ激动剂、THRβ 受体激动剂、乙酰辅酶A 羧化酶（Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase，ACC）抑制剂、血管生成素样蛋白3（angiopoietin-like 3，ANGPTL3） 抑制剂、FGF21 类似物等。 （2）胰岛素敏感性改善剂。胰岛素抵抗是NASH 发病的关键因素之一，改善胰岛素敏感性的药物能够间接减轻肝脏中的炎症和纤维化。作用于葡萄糖代谢相关靶点的药物包括PPARα/δ 激动剂、GLP-1 类似物、果糖酶抑制剂、钠- 葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2（sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 ，SGLT-2） 抑制剂、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin，mTOR）增敏剂等，这类药物可通过改善胰岛素敏感性、降低血糖来发挥药效。目前在研药物包括GLP-1类似物或受体激动剂如利拉鲁肽、司美格鲁肽等。 （3）抗炎药物。针对特定炎症途径的药物可直接减轻肝脏炎症。炎症靶点包括凋亡信号调节激酶1（Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1，ASK1）、Toll 样受体-4（Toll-like receptor，TLR-4）、趋化因子受体2/5（Chemokine Receptor，CCR2/5）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）、含铜胺氧化酶3（amine oxidase copper-containing3，AOC3）、NKT 细胞（natural killer T cell）等。 （4） 抗纤维化药物。随着NASH 的进展， 肝脏发生纤维化，进而可能发展为肝硬化。针对纤维化靶点的在研药物主要有赖氨酰氧化酶相关蛋白2（Lysyl oxidase related protein 2，LOXL2）抗体、半乳糖凝集素-3（Galectin-3，Gal-3） 抑制剂、FGF21 类似物等。 此外，肠道微生物调节剂、胆汁酸代谢调节剂等也可能通过改变肠道微生物组成或调节胆汁酸代谢来改善NASH。 3.2 国内临床许可的项目类别 截至2024 年4 月， 近5 年国内已批准针对NASH 适应症开展临床试验的项目近60 项，其中包括国内外同步申报开发项目近40 项，以及仅在我国开发项目19 项。这些项目涉及了全球同适应症在研的热门靶点， 根据研究项目数量由多到少进行排序， 主要包括FXR、GLP-1R 相关靶点（ 包括GLP-1R、GLP-1R/GCGR、GLP-1R/GIP/GCGR）、THRβ、PPARs（ 包括PPARα、PPARα/β 和PPARγ/α/δ）、FGFRs（ 包括FGFRs、FGFR1、KLB/FGFRs）， 以及CCR5/CCR2、HSD17B13、FGF21、ACLY、SGLT-2/SGLT-1、DGAT1/D GAT2、PDE2A、KLB、ACC1/ACC2、AOC3、JNK/p38MAPK、DGAT1、IKK 等靶点。 多数注册申报NASH 适应症的品种按照新增适应症路径开发，如在原开发降糖、减重、降脂等适应症项目的基础上，新增NASH 适应症；部分项目选择NASH 适应症作为首次申报适应症。这其中也包括部分全球同步开发项目，即在已有国外初步临床数据的情况下，申请国内同步开发NASH 适应症。 3.3 未许可临床试验的原因分析 在RES 获批之前，FDA、EMA 以及NMPA 均未批准任何一款针对NASH 的药物上市，有大量NASH 候选药物研发失败。除存在不能接受的安全性问题外，国内NASH 适应症新药临床试验申请（investigational new drug，IND）更多是因非临床有效性证据不支持开展NASH 临床研究而导致其未获得许可。此前，国外多项NASH 新药研发项目也大多因临床无效而停止，如Gilead Sciences 开发的LOXL2单抗Simtuzumab 和ASK1 抑制剂Selonsertib，Galectin Therapeutics 开发的Gal-3 抑制剂Belapectin，Novartis 开发的Caspase 抑制剂Emricasan，Genfit 开发的PPARα/δ 激动剂Elafibranor 等。有效性未达到评价终点是多数在研药物在临床试验阶段研发受挫的最主要原因。综合全球NASH 适应症项目研发的经验教训来看，监管机构将与临床重点评价指标关联的非临床有效性证据作为临床许可与否的关键因素是十分必要的。 04 对国内研发NASH 新药的思考 4.1 新靶点药物研发的现状与挑战 从创新药的研发思路看，可大致分为原创新药研发思路（First in Class）与跟随研发策略（Fast Follow）。药物创新受制于药学、医学等基础研究水平，跟随策略的新药研发思路可能利于短期经济获益，但长期看存在诸多弊端。 NASH 新药的开发，国内鲜有领先的“First in class”新药，研究者在探索未经验证的新靶点时，往往对于早期研究（如非临床研究）重视程度不够，仅根据监管机构注册申请最低要求开展研究，无法为产品提供支持研发决策的全链条证据。同时，在面对专利约束的挑战时，采用受试物结构修饰的方式来规避专利风险，也面临药效降低、药代动力学- 药效动力学（PK/PD）不佳或毒性潜力更大暴露等严重风险。因此，原创研究与跟随研究在非临床研究方面的策略存在明显的差异，一味地进行“思路借鉴、试验方案参考”等跟随试验设计，或采用仿制药的策略、桥接思路开展原创新药的研发，都将导致新药的非临床评价不足，风险认识不足，难以实现新药全面的风险评估和新药高质量发展。 4.2 重视非临床药效学评价的意义 结合RES 的非临床研发实践， 比如：有资料研究其在HFD+CCl4 小鼠模型中表现出对肝组织学的明显改善作用，具体表现为NAS 评分的降低、肝纤维化的降低， 同时对于代谢紊乱也可见明显的改善作用。HFD+CCl4 小鼠模型不出现肝硬化，该有效性结果与OCA 的一项临床试验（REGENERATE）[18]相契合，OCA 的临床应用也被限定为治疗由于NASH 导致的硬化前肝纤维化。这个模型的药效结果与REGENERATE 的结果一致，而且还成功地预测了RES在另一项临床试验（MAESTRONASH）[4] 的结果。基于此，笔者认为，非临床体内药效学研究数据与NASH 有较强的临床相关性。在研究者早期开展的小鼠DIO-NASH 模型药效研究中，仅大致模拟了对脂肪代谢的影响，未见对动物肝纤维化的明显改善作用，也提示了在选择开展非临床研究来探索临床有效性潜力时，应当筛选出与拟申请适应症疾病病理生理过程更相关的动物模型，以期获得更好的临床预测性。 从新药的早期开发来看，也需要发掘并验证拟开发产品的有效性潜力。针对NASH 适应症，建议在非临床研究中提示目标产品是否具有组织学改善纤维化或缓解肝纤维化进展的潜力，并在控制纤维化进展的前提下，结合对代谢紊乱的纠正（如降低肝脂肪、降血糖）等多重潜在获益进行综合评价，以期更好地提升后期研发的信心。 4.3 以终为始，解决未被满足的临床需求 NASH 的疾病负担日益增加，而目前有效治疗药物极为有限，存在严重未被满足的临床需求。 以终为始是指基于对NASH疾病的认知了解，针对临床治疗NASH 所需要解决的核心问题和关键问题，从临床需求治疗目标作为开发的起点，从延缓、阻止甚至逆转疾病进展的角度改善临床结局，包括降低肝硬化及其并发症的发生率，降低肝移植的需求，降低肝细胞癌，提高存活率和改善生活质量等。由于硬终点临床结局的观察时间过长，无法满足迫切的临床需求，尤其是对于无肝硬化的NASH 患者，建议在新药早期概念验证阶段可采取无创的评估策略，如磁共振质子密度脂肪分数（MRI-PDFF）和磁共振弹性成像（MRE）等影像学检查，结合肝脏疾病特异性的代谢指标（如血清学指标）变化等共同评价肝脂肪含量、炎症和纤维化程度；在后期探索及确证性临床研究阶段，新药疗效终点的评价在于NASH 及纤维化组织学特征的改善，同时需要长期随访来评价组织学替代终点与硬终点改变的一致性或相关性。而对于合并肝硬化的NASH 患者，相关药物研发需将临床结局、组织学及无创指标共同纳入疗效终点进行评估。 4.4 关于NASH 的IND思考 非临床有效性和安全性都是评价NASH 新药IND 的关键。其中，NASH 作为一种需要患者长期用药的疾病，其非临床安全性评价需特别关注药物的心脏毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性及致癌风险，且安全性观察需有足够的暴露量和暴露时间。此外，还需要考虑NASH 疾病进程的异质性和复杂性， 并根据NASH 疾病的发病机制及病理生理过程进行综合评估，所选择的动物模型应能准确反映临床病理进程，且对后续临床试验的有效性和安全性评估具有提示意义。NASH 发病机制及病理生理变化复杂，目前尚无法在一种动物模型中完全模拟疾病的临床病理进程，一般通过结合NASH 适应症临床拟定人群特征来对不同机制的病理模型进行选择，常用的NASH 动物模型[19] 包括饮食因素诱导的HFD和高脂饮食/ 西方饮食（WD/FD）模型，以及多因素（基因、饮食、化学、机械）诱导的HFD+CCL4、ALIOS/AMLN、ApoE-/-+WD、FATZO+HFD+FD 及MUPuPA+HFD 模型等，这些动物模型均涵盖肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、TG升高、AST/ALT 升高、组织学改变（脂肪变性、肝脏炎症、气球样变、纤维化）等多种病理生理特征。 非临床药效学研究的目的为预测新药对临床拟用适应症的有效性，阐明药物的作用特点，是支持新药临床试验方案设计的重要参考依据，故NASH 新药非临床药效评价需要进行纤维化控制/改善、代谢紊乱的纠正等多重潜在获益的综合评价，其中模型动物给药结束后的组织病理学检查和NAS 评分所占权重较大，以期提示在研新药潜在临床获益情况及是否支持开展人体临床试验研究。 05 结    语 NASH 领域在研药物涉及的靶点众多，有单药单靶点和（或）多靶点，也有针对不同靶点的药物联合开发。目前， 国内尚无NASH 的新药上市申请（NDA），国内注册的NASH 新药总体数量呈增长趋势，但仍存在临床试验监管机构无法掌握临床试验的真实情况和研发阻力、无法为临床开发提供更多的指导等问题。RES 的获批使得THRβ 激动剂靶点的成药性潜力得到了证实，业界开始聚焦于THR-β 激动剂靶点，目前国内针对THR-β 激动剂靶点的NASH 药物尚处在临床前或Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验研究阶段，仍面临许多未知的困难，需逐步探索对应的有效解决方案。 从非临床药效研究预测临床有效性的角度看，NASH 新药在早期研发中应重视药效学探索研究评价和成药性分析，动物体内药效学研究设计应该充分考虑NASH 的疾病特点以及所处的研发阶段指标，强调有效性与临床终点评价指标的关联性；同时，非临床有效性研究数据应结合长期用药的非临床发现的毒性潜力，将获益风险平衡的理念贯穿全过程。 NASH 新药有效性终点标准明确且趋同，即NASH 临床研究肝脏组织病理学改善作为硬终点，而临床试验设计的重点关键问题就是研究人群和主要终点。2024年4 月，EMA 发布策略文件[20]，表示将考虑向基于使用中间终点来开发NASH 治疗方法的申办人授予有条件批准，以缓解对这些产品的严重未得到满足的临床需求。但是，EMA 同时表示，基于这些中间终点来获得新化合物的早期有条件批准（CMA），只有在仍然存在未满足的需求、可以得出临床获益大于风险且申请人可以提供全面的上市后数据的情况下，这一策略才可接受。这提示着EMA 虽然有意缓解未被满足的临床需求，但对于调整评价策略的态度依然是审慎的。 值得期待的是，在临床前早期开发阶段，类器官和器官芯片等技术的应用已成为新药早期评价的新方向， 在NASH 等病理生理机制复杂的适应症中可能具有预测更准确的优势。评价指标正在尝试从目前的肝活检“金指标”向探索性终点发展，即基于无创标志物的终点（考虑以影像学、血清学、NASH 肝纤维化无创模型等作为药效学指标），以期减少临床试验实施难度，探索可靠性强、一致性好的无创标记物来作为疗效的替代终点以反映临床获益情况，且目前在国外已获得国际主要药品监管机构的允许，可在早期临床概念验证阶段使用，这些都为NASH 新药的成药性提供了支持和保障。 第一作者简介 尹茂山，硕士，国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心，审评员。专业方向：新药药理毒理专业技术审评 通讯作者简介 叶旋，博士，国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心，主任药师，主审审评员。专业方向：新药药理毒理专业技术审评 笪红远，博士，国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心，二级教授，高级审评员。专业方向：新药药理毒理专业技术审评 【参考文献】略  药渡媒体商务合作 媒体公关 | 新闻&会议发稿 张经理：18600036371（微信同号） 点击下方“药渡“，关注更多精彩内容 免责声明 “药渡”公众号所转载该篇文章来源于其他公众号平台，主要目的在于分享行业相关知识，传递当前最新资讯。图片、文章版权均属于原作者所有，如有侵权，请及时告知，我们会在24小时内删除相关信息。 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