This study investigated the combined effects of aerobic training (AT) and vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation on metabolic, angiogenic, and cardiac structural parameters in a rat model of coronary artery disease (CAD). Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups: Healthy Control; CAD+Control; CAD + Vit D; CAD + AT, and CAD + AT+Vit D. The AT protocol consisted of 8 weeks of treadmill running (3 days/week, progressing from 15 to 25 m/min for 20–60 min/session). Vit D groups received weekly intraperitoneal injections of 5000 IU cholecalciferol. At study end, serum levels of VEGF, endostatin, lipid profiles, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were assessed via ELISA, and cardiac histopathology was evaluated using H&E staining. The CAD + AT+Vit D group demonstrated the most favorable profile: significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and cTnI, alongside elevated HDL and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (all P < 0.05). VEGF increased, and endostatin decreased significantly in all intervention groups versus CAD+Control (P < 0.05), with AT alone restoring VEGF to near-normal levels. Histopathology revealed attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in treated groups, especially CAD + AT+Vit D. Statistical comparison of delta changes (post-pre intervention) revealed that the reductions in LDL (P = 0.011) and cTnI (P = 0.023), and the increase in HDL (P = 0.008), were significantly greater in the CAD + AT+Vit D group compared to the CAD + AT and CAD + Vit D groups, supporting a synergistic interaction. These findings indicate that AT enhances angiogenesis via VEGF upregulation, while Vit D co-administration amplifies metabolic and cardioprotective benefits. The observed synergistic interaction in key cardiovascular risk markers supports non-pharmacological strategies for CAD management, though translational studies in humans are warranted.