BACKGROUND:Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive, fatal lung disease. Yujie Recipe (YJR), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used clinically for pulmonary disorders, but the active constituents and underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of YJR in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BIPF) mouse model and to systematically identify its key bioactive constituents along with their underlying molecular mechanisms, providing novel mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic candidates for PF.
METHODS:Bleomycin was used to induce BIPF mice model, while YJR was administered at multiple doses to evaluate its anti-PF effects. An integrated approach combining phytochemical profiling, computational and cellular assays was employed to uncover the anti-PF constituents in YJR and their anti-fibrotic mechanisms.
RESULTS:Yujie Recipe (YJR) dose-dependently attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BIPF) in mice by activating Nrf2-ARE signaling and suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory signaling. Nrf2 ablation abolished the protective effects of YJR and restored NF-κB/NLRP3 activation, highlighting the central role of Nrf2 in mediating its anti-fibrotic activity. Phytochemical analysis identified 146 lung-exposed compounds, of which 20 predicted bioactives were tested for Nrf2 agonist activity. Licochalcone B (LCB), apigenin (APG), and formononetin (FN) were confirmed as potent Nrf2 agonists. In vitro, they dose-dependently reduced ROS accumulation and inhibited TGF-β1-challenged migration and myofibroblast differentiation of MRC-5 fibroblasts, as indicated by decreased α-SMA, collagen I, and fibronectin.
CONCLUSIONS:YJR exerts anti-fibrotic effects via suppressing NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in a Nrf2-dependent manner, while licochalcone B, apigenin, and formononetin are identified as key anti-fibrotic constituents.