This is a Phase 1b/2a dose escalation and expansion, multi-center study to be conducted in 2 phases:
* Phase 1b
* Dose Escalation Part 1 (Doublet Therapy)
* Dose Escalation Part 2 (Triplet Therapy)
* Phase 2a
* Dose Expansion (Triplet Therapy)
Approximately 125 adult patients with histologically confirmed advanced solid tumors requiring therapy will be enrolled in the study. It is expected that approximately 24 patients will be enrolled in up to 4 cohorts, 2 cohorts in Dose Escalation Part 1 and 2 cohorts in Dose Escalation Part 2, of up to 6 patients per cohort. Up to 98 additional patients will be enrolled in the Dose Expansion phase of the study to achieve 88 evaluable patients (i.e., received at least 1 dose of study drug(s) and have 1 evaluable post-baseline modified RECIST v1.1 tumor response assessment; for mCRPC, assessment of soft tissue response will be per modified RECIST v1.1 and bone progression assessment will be per PCWG3 guidelines or discontinued treatment due to death, toxicity, or clinical progression) over 4 independent expansion groups.In either phase (1b or 2a), patients discontinuing for reasons unrelated to study treatment toxicity prior to completion of Cycle (C) 1 may be replaced to achieve the number of required evaluable patients per cancer type following consultation with the Sponsor. Data from each cohort in the Dose Escalation phase will be evaluated independently for safety and dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) prior to dose escalation and again prior to the Dose Expansion phase.

开始日期2019-05-20

申办/合作机构

Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.

[+2]

NCT02628574

/ Completed临床1期

A Phase 1 Study of TRX518 Monotherapy and TRX518 in Combination With Gemcitabine, Pembrolizumab, or Nivolumab in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumors

This study will be conducted in 5 parts (Parts A, B, C, D and E).
Monotherapy Treatment:
Subjects ≥18 years with advanced solid tumors will be enrolled in the study. Monotherapy dose escalation will be performed in Part A. Cycle 1 data from each cohort will be evaluated for safety and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) prior to dose escalation. Subjects will be assigned to a cohort in the order screening is completed. Dose will depend upon the cohort in which a patient is enrolled and cohorts will be dosed consecutively by ascending dose. Once the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or maximum administered dose (MAD) has been identified, an expanded cohort will be enrolled (Part B).
Combination Treatment:
Subjects ≥18 years with advanced solid tumors will be enrolled in the study. Subjects will receive TRX518 in combination with gemcitabine (Part C), pembrolizumab (Part D), or nivolumab (Part E). Dose escalation will be performed for each part (Part Cesc, Part Desc, Part Eesc) and Cycle 1 data from each cohort will be evaluated for safety and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) prior to dose escalation. Subjects will be assigned to a cohort in the order screening is completed. Dose will depend upon the cohort in which a patient is enrolled and cohorts will be dosed consecutively by ascending dose. Once the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or maximum administered dose (MAD) has been identified, an expanded cohort will be enrolled (Part Cexp, Part Dexp, Part Eexp).

开始日期2016-01-01

申办/合作机构

Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.

NCT01239134

/ Completed临床1期

Part A: A First-in-Human Single Ascending Dose Study of TRX518 in Subjects With Unresectable Stage III or Stage IV Malignant Melanoma or Other Solid Tumor Malignancies Part B: A Dose-Escalation Study of Multi-dose TRX518 Monotherapy Part C: An Expansion Cohort of Multi-dose TRX518 Monotherapy at the Maximum Tolerated Dose

TRX518-001 is an open label, non-randomized single group assignment, Phase 1 single dose escalation study in adults with biopsy proven unresectable Stage III or Stage IV melanoma or other solid tumor malignancies.
Part A: The study objectives are to determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of TRX518 and to define the maximum tolerated dose at which there are tolerable side effects and/or maximum PK/PD parameter changes.
Subjects will be assigned to a cohort in the order screening is completed. Dose will depend upon the cohort in which a subject is enrolled and cohorts will be dosed consecutively by ascending dose. Part A has been completed.
Part B: A Dose-Escalation Study of Multi-dose TRX518 Monotherapy with objectives including characterization of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics, as well as, evaluate for evidence of anti-tumor activity and assess TRX518 immunogenicity.
Part C: An Expansion Cohort of Multi-dose TRX518 Monotherapy at the Maximum Tolerated Dose

开始日期2010-10-01

申办/合作机构

Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.

[+1]

100 项与 TRX-518 相关的临床结果

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100 项与 TRX-518 相关的转化医学

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100 项与 TRX-518 相关的专利（医药）

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项与 TRX-518 相关的文献（医药）

2022-09-15·Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research

GITR Antibodies in Cancer: Not Ready for Prime Time

Communications

作者: Moreno, Victor ; Hernandez-Guerrero, Tatiana

Summary:

Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (TNFR)-related protein (GITR) agonistic antibodies are expected to increase the antitumor response mainly by reducing the effect of Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells. TRX-518 is a novel GITR agonist that has shown good pharmacodynamic activity by depleting regulatory T cells (Tregs) in preclinical models, with limited clinical activity demonstrated in patients with advanced solid tumors.See related article by Davar et al., p. 3990

2022-02-25·Science advances1区 · 综合性期刊

Therapeutic antibody activation of the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor by a clustering mechanism

1区 · 综合性期刊

ArticleOA

作者: Zappasodi, Roberta ; He, Changhao ; Dahan, Rony ; Wolchok, Jedd D. ; Heath, Heidi ; Merghoub, Taha ; Newman, Walter ; Meyerson, Joel R. ; Rusinova, Radda ; Avraham, Yahel ; Maniyar, Rachana R.

GITR is a TNF receptor, and its activation promotes immune responses and drives antitumor activity. The receptor is activated by the GITR ligand (GITRL), which is believed to cluster receptors into a high-order array. Immunotherapeutic agonist antibodies also activate the receptor, but their mechanisms are not well characterized. We solved the structure of full-length mouse GITR bound to Fabs from the antibody DTA-1. The receptor is a dimer, and each subunit binds one Fab in an orientation suggesting that the antibody clusters receptors. Binding experiments with purified proteins show that DTA-1 IgG and GITRL both drive extensive clustering of GITR. Functional data reveal that DTA-1 and the anti-human GITR antibody TRX518 activate GITR in their IgG forms but not as Fabs. Thus, the divalent character of the IgG agonists confers an ability to mimic GITRL and cluster and activate GITR. These findings will inform the clinical development of this class of antibodies for immuno-oncology.

2017-03-01·Cancer research1区 · 医学

Dual Roles for Regulatory T-cell Depletion and Costimulatory Signaling in Agonistic GITR Targeting for Tumor Immunotherapy

1区 · 医学

Article

作者: Joyce-Shaikh, Barbara ; Xia, Jane ; Mauze, Smita ; Beebe, Amy M. ; Mahne, Ashley E. ; Jain, Renu ; Bowman, Edward P. ; Cua, Daniel J.

Abstract:

Agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the T-cell receptor coregulatory molecule GITR exert potent therapeutic activities in preclinical tumor models. Although anti-GITR mAb are thought to act by depleting and destabilizing the intratumoral T regulatory cell (Treg) population, the precise mechanism of action is obscure. Here, we addressed this issue using a Treg fate-mapping approach, which revealed that Treg loss was primarily due to cell depletion, with minimal evidence of Treg conversion to a non–Foxp3-expressing population. Further characterization of persisting Tregs following anti-GITR mAb treatment showed that a highly activated subpopulation of CD44hiICOShi intratumoral Tregs were preferentially targeted for elimination, with the remaining Tregs exhibiting a less suppressive phenotype. With these changes in the Treg population, intratumoral CD8+ T cells acquired a more functional phenotype characterized by downregulation of the exhaustion markers PD-1 and LAG-3. This reversal of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion was dependent on both agonistic GITR signaling and Treg depletion, as neither mechanism by itself could fully rescue the exhaustion phenotype. Tests of anti-human GITR antibody MK-4166 in a humanized mouse model of cancer mimicked many of the effects of anti-mouse GITR mAb in syngeneic tumor models, decreasing both Treg numbers and immune suppressor phenotype while enhancing effector responsiveness. Overall, our results show how anti-GITR mAb shifts Treg populations to enable immune attack on tumors, with clinical implications for molecular markers to modify emerging treatments. Cancer Res; 77(5); 1108–18. ©2016 AACR.

项与 TRX-518 相关的新闻（医药）

2025-06-04

·PipelineReview

Kairos Pharma Ltd. Announces New Data on Small Molecule GITR Ligand Agonist KROS 101 as Promising Cancer Immunotherapy at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2025 Annual Meeting

LOS ANGELES, CA, USA I June 03, 2025 I Kairos Pharma, Ltd. (NYSE American: KAPA), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, announces its presentation at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2025 Annual Meeting highlighting data on its investigational small molecule GITR ligand agonist KROS101. ASCO is being held May 30-June 3, 2025 at McCormick Place in Chicago, Ill. In the presentation titled, “Effect of KROS 101, a small molecule GITR ligand agonist, on T effector cells, T reg cells and intratumoral CD8 T cell cytotoxicity,” the study authors presented their findings that demonstrated KROS 101’s capability to act as a potent glucocorticosteroid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) ligand agonist with dual mechanisms of action. The study authors also indicated their study showed KROS 101 enhanced T cell function by promoting proliferation and increasing cytotoxicity, enhancing the immune response by boosting cytokine production and tumor cancer cell killing. In addition, the study found that KROS101 reduced T reg-mediated suppression by reducing T reg populations, which reverses immune system suppression and enhances effector T cell activity. Further, the study showed KROS to be superior to anti-GITR antibody TRX518 in T cell tumor infiltration, T reg decrease, enhancing tumor cell cytotoxicity and preventing T cell exhaustion. TRX518 was previously in clinical trials. The presentation can be accessed here . John Yu, M.D., Kairos CEO commented, “These results strongly support continued study of KROS101 as a cancer immunotherapy, as they show strong activity in boosting the immune system while targeting and killing tumor cells. Its dual mechanism of action provides significant opportunity to a market that remains in desperate need of new solutions. We continue to believe that KROS 101 has the potential to help optimize cancer treatment and we look forward to discussing these findings with the medical and scientific communities while providing additional progress updates as appropriate.” About Kairos Pharma Ltd. Based in Los Angeles, California, Kairos Pharma Ltd. ( NYSE American: KAPA ) is at the forefront of oncology therapeutics, utilizing structural biology to overcome drug resistance and immune suppression in cancer. Our lead candidate, ENV105, is an antibody that targets CD105 – a protein identified as a key driver of resistance to various cancer treatments. Elevation of CD105 in response to standard therapy results in resistance and disease relapse. ENV105 aims to reverse drug resistance by targeting CD105 and restore the effectiveness of standard therapies across multiple cancer types. Currently, ENV105 is in a Phase 2 clinical trial for castrate-resistant prostate cancer and a Phase 1 trial for lung cancer, with the trials aimed at addressing significant unmet medical needs. For more information, visit kairospharma.com . SOURCE: Kairos Pharma

免疫疗法ASCO会议临床2期临床1期

2024-03-17

·生物制药小编

靶向肿瘤Treg的五类疗法

【前言】瘤内浸润的Treg细胞亚群复杂，通过不同途径促进免疫抑制微环境的塑造，是肿瘤。也因此，很多已上市的抗体疗法都和Treg作用相关，也有希望特异性影响Treg的疗法在开发中。Front. Immunol.（一）通过表面蛋白特异性耗竭Treg进入临床阶段的疗法包括：靶点药物/管线名称其他CD25daclizumab人源IgG1单抗basiliximabADCT-301ADCRO7296682IL-2非阻断抗体RM-1995近红外光免疫疗法Denileukin diftitox重组免疫毒素CTLA-4Ipilimumab人源化IgG1单抗ADU-1604NurulimabTicilimumab人源化IgG2单抗XMAB20717CTLA-4/PD-1双特异性单抗XMAB22841CTLA-4/LAG-3双特异性单抗ATOR-1015CTLA-4/OX40双特异性单抗OX40MEDI6383人OX40L-IgG4 Fc融合蛋白PF-04518600激动型单抗BMS 986178BGB-A445MEDI6469MOXR0916MEDI0562GITRMEDI1873激动型六价GITR配体融合蛋白TRX518人源化、非耗竭性、琼脂糖基IgG1单抗MK-1248人源化IgG4单抗BMS-986156人源IgG1单抗GWN323ICOSJTX-2011激动型人源化IgG1单抗KY1044MEDI-570Fc段糖基化人源化单抗GSK3359609XMAB23104ICOS/PD-1双特异性单抗肿瘤浸润Treg抑制相关的表面分子表达包括：CD25、CTLA-4、PD-1、ICOS、LAG-3和TIGIT；TNF受体超家族GITR、4-1BB和OX-40；趋化因子受体CCR4、CCR5和CCR10。Treg细胞还可以通过释放IL-10、TGF-β和IL-35等抗炎细胞因子来抑制TME的免疫反应。几种CTLA-4单克隆抗体还可以通过ADCC效应杀伤Ti-Tregs。然而，一些临床研究表明，在CTLA-4抗体给药后，肿瘤内的Tregs数量不会减少，反而促进了Ti-Tregs的CD28依赖性扩增。此外，由于微环境中的其他免疫细胞也表达CTLA-4，因此非选择性靶向CTLA-4可能会无意中减少抗肿瘤免疫细胞。许多研究已经探索了以CD25为靶点的抗肿瘤策略，或者将IL-2与细胞毒分子或CD25 ADC结合以耗尽Treg细胞。然而，这些方法在不同的背景下表现出不同的有效性。（二）减少Tregs募集：抑制趋化因子信号通路进入临床阶段的疗法包括：靶点药物/管线名称特征CCR4MogamulizumabFc段糖基化人源化单抗FLX475口服特异性激动剂CCR8GS-1811Fc段糖基化人源化单抗BAY3375968BMS-986340S-531011通过抑制趋化因子信号通路，Tregs在肿瘤中的积聚可以得到缓解(肿瘤浸润Treg的趋化和代谢特征)。很早就有在小鼠实验中实验CCR10或CCR5单抗，显示能显著延缓肿瘤生长。CCR4单抗还能通过ADCC效应特异性地清除Treg。（三）减弱Tregs相关细胞间信号进入临床阶段的疗法包括：靶点药物/管线名称特征PI3K8Parsaclisib小分子抑制剂IOA-244AZD8186LCKDasatinib多靶点TKIImatinibTreg细胞通过高表达CD39和CD73来适应微环境，最终将瘤内的ATP转化为腺苷。CD39：当ATP作用于Treg的P2XR时，可以诱导Treg的凋亡并抑制Treg的功能(172,173)。CD39可降低TME中的ATP水平，间接保护Treg细胞免受ATP诱导的细胞凋亡。CD73：提高了微环境中的腺苷浓度。腺苷与效应T细胞膜上的A2aR和A2bR结合，从而抑制其活性。IDO：作为一种色氨酸消耗酶，可导致TME内色氨酸水平降低，从而影响T细胞的激活及其抗肿瘤能力。值得注意的是，给予免疫检查点抑制剂后，TME中过表达IDO，同样导致Tonvs功能障碍，Tregs和MDSCs激活和增殖水平提高，建立了免疫抑制环境。不过，尽管Epacadostat在内的几种口服IDO1抑制剂在过去几年中已进入人体临床试验，没有出现重大安全问题，但其单药试验并未达到客观疗效。（四）靶向Treg代谢进入临床阶段的疗法包括：靶点药物/管线名称特征CD36VT1021多为抑制剂MCT1AZD3965IDOEpacadostatNLG802GDC-0919CD73LY3475070小分子酶抑制剂CPI-006MEDI9447Sym024CD39TTX-030SRF617肿瘤细胞与TI-Tregs有一些共同的代谢特征。在人源卵巢癌、结肠癌和黑色素瘤的小鼠模型中，ROS可诱导Tregs的凋亡。此外，特定浓度的乳酸为TI-Tregs提供碳源以产生磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(糖酵解的中间体)。然而，目前尚不清楚在TME中限制Treg代谢最终对免疫有利还是有害。正面作用的靶点包括CD36，例如在黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中，CD36拮抗剂破坏脂质代谢，从而选择性地耗尽Ti-Tregs，恢复抗体对PD-1的效力，而不会产生严重的自身免疫反应。PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路作为协调糖酵解的枢纽，也是Treg代谢靶点之一。黑色素瘤小鼠模型中，雷帕霉素和GO-Y030(mTOR抑制剂)可通过限制葡萄糖摄取和糖酵解，来限制Tregs的数量和功能。此外，当Poly-G3和ssRNA40在体外与人卵巢癌细胞共同培养时，可以刺激TLR8信号，干扰mTOR-HIF-1α诱导的葡萄糖代谢，降低Treg的功能。在胃癌临床前模型中，PI3K-β抑制剂GSK2636771减少了Tregs中游离FA的产生、脂肪的吸收和代谢，抑制了它们的迁移和功能。此类药物还通过信号传递、表观遗传调节和翻译后修饰对Treg产生影响。例如，idelalisib(第一种用于人类慢性淋巴细胞白血病的PI3K-δ抑制剂)可选择性地阻止T细胞分化为Treg细胞和后续分泌IL-10的能力。脂质代谢：主要依赖脂肪酸合成(FAS)和FAO来扰乱肿瘤浸润Treg细胞的代谢适应性。在小鼠黑色素瘤模型中，CD36等脂质代谢靶点比CTLA-4和OX40等传统靶点显示出更好的特异性，阻止了功能性Tregs的积累，而不会系统性地耗竭全身Tregs。抗CD36和抗PD-1阻断的联合治疗可防止小鼠在治疗后出现严重的自身免疫。氨基酸代谢：通过吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶(IDO)靶向犬尿氨酸途径有可能消除小鼠胶质母细胞瘤模型中的Tregs。不过几种IDO1抑制剂目前尚无较好数据，也少有进入临床阶段的管线。（五）靶向TME进入临床阶段的疗法包括：靶点药物/管线名称特征VEGFBevacizumabRamucirumabVEGFR2单抗Sorafenib多靶点小分子抑制剂TGF-βGalunisertibTGFR1抑制剂M7824PD-1/TGFβTrapTreg在肿瘤微环境中对血管新生具有极大的促进作用。小结：Treg细胞的特征分子和代谢途径并不是它们自己独有，而是与效应T细胞和外周Tregs共享靶点。因此，全身给药方法可能导致消除或抑制肿瘤外的非肿瘤Tregs以及其他效应细胞，不仅抑制pTreg功能，破坏免疫动态平衡，引发自身免疫性炎症，而且还减弱抗肿瘤效率。也就是说，要么找到表达水平具有足够特异性的单一靶点，要么采用复合靶点以改善这种表达差异。参考文献：1.Qin D, Zhang Y, Shu P, Lei Y, Li X and Wang Y (2024) Targeting tumor-infiltrating tregs for improved antitumor responses. Front. Immunol. 15:1325946. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.13259462.Wang Y, Huang T, Gu J, Lu L. Targeting the metabolism of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells. Trends Immunol. 2023 Aug;44(8):598-612. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2023.06.001. 3.Christopher Tay, Atsushi Tanaka, Shimon Sakaguchi,Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells as targets of cancer immunotherapy,Cancer Cell,Volume 41, Issue 3,2023.doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.014.

免疫疗法抗体药物偶联物临床申请

100 项与 TRX-518 相关的药物交易

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研发状态

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
乳腺癌	临床2期	-	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	-
乳腺癌	临床2期	-	Tolerx, Inc.	-
卵巢癌	临床2期	-	Tolerx, Inc.	-
卵巢癌	临床2期	-	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	-
前列腺癌	临床2期	-	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	-
前列腺癌	临床2期	-	Tolerx, Inc.	-
HR阳性乳腺腺癌	临床1期	美国	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	2019-05-20
转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌	临床1期	美国	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	2019-05-20
铂耐药性卵巢癌	临床1期	美国	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	2019-05-20
晚期恶性实体瘤	临床1期	美国	Cypherpunk Technologies, Inc.	2016-01-01

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研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


NCT02628574 (ESMO_IO2018) 人工标引	临床1期	晚期恶性实体瘤	26	TRX518+Gemcitabine	鏇鬱選鹽網遞廠蓋顧繭(獵衊鬱鹽襯廠襯壓淵膚) = none 觸繭醖夢築蓋餘築鏇網 (鹹願鏇膚餘鑰鬱網鑰構 ) 更多	积极	2018-12-14