(R)-Ketamine Hydrochloride

Anhedonia induced by sustained stress exposure is a hallmark symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in rodents, it can be accessed through the sucrose preference test (SPT). (R)-ketamine is a fast-acting antidepressant with less detrimental side effects and abuse liability compared to racemic ketamine. The present study combined high-throughput proteomics and network analysis to identify molecular mechanisms involved in chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced anhedonia and promising targets underlying (R)-ketamine rapid antidepressant response. Male Wistar rats were subjected to CVS for five weeks. Based on the SPT, animals were clustered into resilient or anhedonic-like (ANH) groups. ANH rats received a single dose of saline or (R)-ketamine (20 mg/kg, i.p.), which was proceeded by treatment response evaluation. After prefrontal cortex collection, proteomic analysis was performed to uncover the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) related to both anhedonic-like behavior and pharmacological response. The behavioral assessment showed that the ANH animals had a significant decrease in SPT, and that (R)-ketamine responders showed a reversal of anhedonic-like behavior. On a molecular level, anhedonia-like behavior was associated with the downregulation of Neuronal Pentraxin Receptor (Nptxr) and Galectin-1 (Gal-1). These data reinforce a disruption in the inflammatory response, neurotransmitter receptor activity, and glutamatergic synapses in chronic stress-induced anhedonia. (R)-ketamine response-associated DEPs included novel potential targets involved in the modulation of oxidative stress, energetic metabolism, synaptogenesis, dendritic arborization, neuroinflammation, gene expression, and telomere length, converging to biological themes extensively documented in MDD physiopathology. Our data provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to (R)-ketamine and highlight these pathways as potential therapeutic targets for anhedonia. By addressing proteins involved in oxidative stress, energy metabolism, synaptogenesis, dendritic arborization, neuroinflammation, gene expression, and telomere length, we can target multiple key factors involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Modulating these proteins could open avenues for novel therapeutic strategies and deepen our understanding of anhedonia, offering hope for improved outcomes in individuals facing this challenging condition. However, additional studies will be essential to validate these findings and further explore their therapeutic implications.