Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies(BASF Corp.)

Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly effective in managing multiple sclerosis (MS), but may also increase infection risk and reduce vaccine responses. Alternative dosing strategies (ADS), such as extended-interval dosing (EID) and dose reduction, have been proposed to optimize safety and personalize treatment. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare standard dosing strategies (SDS) to ADS of anti-CD20 mAbs in MS patients.

A systematic search of Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted and included clinical studies that reported relapse rates, MRI activity, disability progression, or NEDA-3 status. Two reviewers independently extracted study and patient data. Risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using random-effects models RESULTS: A systematic search identified 2237 studies, of which 19 met inclusion criteria. Included studies spanned from 2018 to 2024 and investigated ocrelizumab (n = 13), rituximab (n = 5), and ofatumumab (n = 1). Most studies (n = 16) examined EID, while three evaluated dose reduction. Compared to the standard group, EID showed no significant difference in relapse rates (RR = 0.67; 95 % CI: 0.43-1.06), MRI activity (RR = 0.87; 95 % CI: 0.57-1.34), disability progression (RR = 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.50-1.85), or NEDA-3 status (RR = 1.12; 95 % CI: 0.78-1.63). Three dose-reduction studies also reported stable clinical and radiological outcomes.

ADS for anti-CD20 mAbs appear comparable to SDS. More specifically, EID does not increase the risk of relapse, MRI activity, disability progression, or NEDA loss. While dose reduction also shows promising results, further evidence is needed for firm conclusions.

The role of B cells in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity was initially highlighted by successful clinical trials of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS). Research in MS as well as in aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG⁺ neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disorder (MOGAD) has expanded our appreciation of the contribution of B cells in multiple CNS autoimmune diseases. B cells have multiple functions in the initiation and propagation of CNS autoimmunity that extend beyond autoantibody production, including bidirectional interactions with T cells via B-cell antigen presentation. A deeper understanding of the cooperation between B cells and T cells in MS, NMO, and MOGAD should permit the development of more effective therapies across CNS autoimmune disorders.