A Phase II Randomized, Active-Controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Antiviral Effect, and Pharmacokinetics of Celgosivir in Combination With Peginterferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin Over 12 Weeks in Treatment-Naïve Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C

The objective of this study is to undertake an initial evaluation of the safety, tolerability, antiviral effect, and pharmacokinetics of celgosivir in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in patients with chronic HCV infection.

开始日期2006-06-01

申办/合作机构

Global Gaming Technologies Corp.

NCT00292084 / Completed临床2期

A Phase II, Multi-Center, Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Celgosivir in Combination With Peginterferon Alfa-2b, With or Without Ribavirin, for an Additional 36 Weeks

This is an extension study of HCV-05-002. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of celgosivir plus peginterferon alfa-2b, with or without ribavirin, for an additional 36 weeks in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.

开始日期2006-02-01

申办/合作机构

Global Gaming Technologies Corp.

NCT00217139 / Completed临床2期

A Phase II, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Celgosivir in Combination With Peginterferon Alfa-2b, With and Without Ribavirin, for 12 Weeks in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection (Genotype 1) Who Failed to Respond to Pegylated α Interferon-Based Therapy

The objective of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of celgosivir plus peginterferon alfa-2b, with or without ribavirin, for 12 weeks in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.

开始日期2005-09-01

申办/合作机构

Global Gaming Technologies Corp.

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2011-08-01·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy2区 · 医学

Antimicrobial Properties of MX-2401, an Expanded-Spectrum Lipopeptide Active in the Presence of Lung Surfactant

2区 · 医学

Article

作者: Rubinchik, Evelina ; Dugourd, Dominique ; Straus, Suzana K. ; Hancock, Robert E. W. ; Elliott, Melissa ; Clement, Jacob J. ; Siu, Raymond ; Yang, Haiyan

ABSTRACT MX-2401 is an expanded-spectrum lipopeptide antibiotic selective for Gram-positive bacteria that is a semisynthetic analog of the naturally occurring lipopeptide amphomycin. It was active against Enterococcus spp., including vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus (VSE), vanA -, vanB -, and vanC -positive vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), linezolid- and quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant isolates (MIC 90 of 4 μg/ml), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) (MIC 90 of 2 μg/ml), coagulase-negative staphylococci, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSE) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) (MIC 90 of 2 μg/ml), and Streptococcus spp. including viridans group streptococci, and penicillin-resistant, penicillin-sensitive, penicillin-intermediate and macrolide-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC 90 of 2 μg/ml). MX-2401 demonstrated a dose-dependent postantibiotic effect varying from 1.5 to 2.4 h. Furthermore, MX-2401 was rapidly bactericidal at 4 times the MIC against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis , with more than 99.9% reduction in viable bacterial attained at 4 and 24 h, respectively. The MICs of MX-2401 against MRSA, MSSA, VSE, and VRE strains serially exposed for 15 passages to sub- to supra-MICs of MX-2401 remained within three dilutions of the original MIC. In contrast to that of the lipopeptide daptomycin, the antibacterial activity of MX-2401 was not affected in vitro by the presence of lung surfactant, and MX-2401 was active in vivo in the bronchial-alveolar pneumonia mouse model, in which daptomycin failed to show any activity. Moreover, the activity of MX-2401 was not as strongly dependent on the Ca 2+ concentration as is the activity of daptomycin. In conclusion, MX-2401 is a promising new-generation lipopeptide for the treatment of serious infections with Gram-positive bacteria, including hospital-acquired pneumonia.

2011-06-01·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy2区 · 医学

Mechanism of Action and Limited Cross-Resistance of New Lipopeptide MX-2401

2区 · 医学

Article

作者: Sahl, H. G. ; Schneider, T. ; Elliott, M. ; Anklin, C. ; Scott, W. R. P. ; Straus, S. K. ; Hancock, R. E. W. ; Müller, A. ; Dugourd, D. ; Pan, J. ; Yang, H. ; Gries, K. ; Rubinchik, E.

ABSTRACT MX-2401 is a semisynthetic calcium-dependent lipopeptide antibiotic (analogue of amphomycin) in preclinical development for the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections. In vitro and in vivo , MX-2401 demonstrates broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against Gram-positive organisms, including antibiotic-resistant strains. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of MX-2401 and compare it with that of the lipopeptide daptomycin. The results indicated that although both daptomycin and MX-2401 are in the structural class of Ca 2+ -dependent lipopeptide antibiotics, the latter has a different mechanism of action. Specifically, MX-2401 inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to the substrate undecaprenylphosphate (C 55 -P), the universal carbohydrate carrier involved in several biosynthetic pathways. This interaction resulted in inhibition, in a dose-dependent manner, of the biosynthesis of the cell wall precursors lipids I and II and the wall teichoic acid precursor lipid III, while daptomycin had no significant effect on these processes. MX-2401 induced very slow membrane depolarization that was observed only at high concentrations. Unlike daptomycin, membrane depolarization by MX-2401 did not correlate with its bactericidal activity and did not affect general membrane permeability. In contrast to daptomycin, MX-2401 had no effect on lipid flip-flop, calcein release, or membrane fusion with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt) (POPG) liposomes. MX-2401 adopts a more defined structure than daptomycin, presumably to facilitate interaction with C 55 -P. Mutants resistant to MX-2401 demonstrated low cross-resistance to other antibiotics. Overall, these results provided strong evidence that the mode of action of MX-2401 is unique and different from that of any of the approved antibiotics, including daptomycin.

2004-10-01·Molecular Biology and Evolution1区 · 生物学

African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution

1区 · 生物学

Article

作者: Herrnstadt, Corinna ; Howell, Neil ; Elson, Joanna L. ; Turnbull, D. M.

A set of 96 complete mtDNA sequences that belong to the three major African haplogroups (L1, L2, and L3) was analyzed to determine if mtDNA has evolved as a molecular clock. Likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) were carried out with each of the haplogroups and with combined haplogroup sequence sets. Evolution has not been clock-like, neither for the coding region nor for the control region, in combined sets of African haplogroup L mtDNA sequences. In tests of individual haplogroups, L2 mtDNAs showed violations of a molecular clock under all conditions and in both the control and coding regions. In contrast, haplogroup L1 and L3 sequences, both for the coding and control regions, show clock-like evolution. In clock tests of individual L2 subclades, the L2a sequences showed a marked violation of clock-like evolution within the coding region. In addition, the L2a and L2c branch lengths of both the coding and control regions were shorter relative to those of the L2b and L2d sequences, a result that indicates lower levels of sequence divergence. Reduced median network analyses of the L2a sequences indicated the occurrence of marked homoplasy at multiple sites in the control region. After exclusion of the L2a and L2c sequences, African mtDNA coding region evolution has not significantly departed from a molecular clock, despite the results of neutrality tests that indicate the mitochondrial coding region has evolved under nonneutral conditions. In contrast, control region evolution is clock-like only at the haplogroup level, and it thus appears to have evolved essentially independently from the coding region. The results of the clock tests, the network analyses, and the branch length comparisons all caution against the use of simple mtDNA clocks.

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