A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo and Positive Controlled Study to Evaluate the Anti-pruritic Effect, Safety and Tolerability, Systemic and Skin Exposure, After 2 Weeks of Treatment With a Microemulsion Formulation of DNK333 in Atopic Dermatitis Patients

This study will assess the safety and efficacy of DNK333 in patients with atopic dermatitis suffering from pruritus, who require systemic treatment of the disease.

开始日期2009-11-01

申办/合作机构

Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.

NCT00394173 / Completed临床2期

A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DNK333 25mg b.i.d. Given Orally for 4 Weeks in Female Patients With Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of DNK333 compared to placebo for relieving symptoms of IBS-D in female patients.

开始日期2006-09-01

申办/合作机构

Novartis AG

NCT00699166 / Completed临床2期

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter 2-Week Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of DNK333 (25 and 100 mg Bid) Given Orally in Female Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D)

This study will evaluate the tolerability, safety and efficacy of DNK333 against diarrhea caused by Irritable Bowel Syndrome in women.

开始日期2004-04-01

申办/合作机构

Novartis AG

100 项与 NK2R x NK1R 相关的临床结果

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100 项与 NK2R x NK1R 相关的转化医学

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0 项与 NK2R x NK1R 相关的专利（医药）

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项与 NK2R x NK1R 相关的文献（医药）

2024-02-01·Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry

Homology modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, and ADME approaches to identify a potent agent targeting NK2R protein

Article

作者: Soltani, Arash ; Hashemy, Seyed Isaac

AbstractNeurokinin/tachykinin receptors are classified as the G‐protein coupled receptor superfamily. The neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2R) is widely expressed in different tissues. NK2R is associated with a range of biological events, such as inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, intestinal motor functions, and asthma. Despite these diverse activities, no approved drugs targeting NK2R have been developed yet. Our study focuses on finding potential inhibitors for NK2R using virtual screening, molecular docking, and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) approaches. We used a homology modeling approach and AlphaFold DB to obtain the three‐dimensional structure of mouse and human NK2R proteins, respectively. The homology model of NK2R was predicted using MODELLER v10.3 and further refined and validated using the 3Drefine tool and RAMPAGE server, respectively. Molecular docking was performed using a library of 910 structurally similar molecules to four NK1R antagonists: aprepitant, casopitant, fosaprepitant, and rolapitant. Molecular docking revealed six small molecules that displayed high Chemscore fitness scores, and binding energies with desirable ligand–NK2R interactions. The evaluation of the in silico ADME profile, solubility, and permeability of the ligand molecules has revealed that the small molecules are potentially nontoxic and have the chance of exhibiting biological activity after oral administration. Further experimental studies (in vitro and in vivo assays) are required to evaluate the effectiveness of these inhibitors as therapeutic targets.

2023-12-01·Journal of Biological Chemistry

Deciphering specificity and cross-reactivity in tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors

Article

作者: Madsen, Jesper J ; Schwartz, Thue W ; Frimurer, Thomas M ; Petersen, Jacob E ; Olsen, Ole H ; Hansen, Jakob B ; Christensen, Dan P

The tachykinin receptors neurokinin 1 (NK1R) and neurokinin 2 (NK2R) are G protein-coupled receptors that bind preferentially to the natural peptide ligands substance P and neurokinin A, respectively, and have been targets for drug development. Despite sharing a common C-terminal sequence of Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 that helps direct biological function, the peptide ligands exhibit some degree of cross-reactivity toward each other's non-natural receptor. Here, we investigate the detailed structure-activity relationships of the ligand-bound receptor complexes that underlie both potent activation by the natural ligand and cross-reactivity. We find that the specificity and cross-reactivity of the peptide ligands can be explained by the interactions between the amino acids preceding the FxGLM consensus motif of the bound peptide ligand and two regions of the receptor: the β-hairpin of the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) and a N-terminal segment leading into transmembrane helix 1. Positively charged sidechains of the ECL2 (R177 of NK1R and K180 of NK2R) are seen to play a vital role in the interaction. The N-terminal positions 1 to 3 of the peptide ligand are entirely dispensable. Mutated and chimeric receptor and ligand constructs neatly swap around ligand specificity as expected, validating the structure-activity hypotheses presented. These findings will help in developing improved agonists or antagonists for NK1R and NK2R.

2023-08-30·Gene

Sequences analysis and pituitary actions of tachykinins in Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis).

Article

作者: Xie, Yunyi ; Zhou, Lingling ; Hu, Guangfu ; Shi, Xuetao ; Du, Hejun ; Shu, Tingting ; Yang, Jing ; Xiao, Kan

Tachykinins belong to a large, evolutionarily conserved family of brain/gut peptides that are involved in a variety of physiological functions in mammals, such as reproductive regulation. However, little information was available about tachykinins in ancient fish lineage. In the present study, we firstly identified three tachykinin genes (named tac1, tac3 and tac4) and three neurokinin receptors (named nk1r, nk2r and nk3r) from Chinese sturgeon brain and pituitary. Sequence analysis showed that tac1 encoded substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), tac3 encoded neurokinin B (NKB) and NKB-related peptide (NKBRP), and tac4 encoded hemokin 1 (HK-1) and hemokin 2 (HK-2), respectively. The luciferase reporter assay results showed that NK1R preferentially selected asSP, NK2R preferentially selected asNKA, and NK3R preferentially selected asNKB. Tissue expression analysis showed that the three tac genes were highly detected in the telencephalon and hypothalamus, whereas nkr genes were widely expressed in peripheral tissues. Spatio-temporal expression analysis showed that all three tac genes were highly expressed in unknown sex individuals. Intraperitoneal injection experiments showed that both asSP and asNKB could stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release in Chinese sturgeon serum. At the transcriptional level, asSP and asNKB could significantly reduce pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone beta (fshβ) mRNA expression, but induce pituitary growth hormone (gh) mRNA expression. In addition, estradiol (E2) could stimulate tac3 mRNA expression in hypothalamus. Taken together, this study provided information on the tachykinin family in Chinese sturgeon and demonstrates that asNKB and asSP could be involved in reproductive and growth regulation in pituitary.

项与 NK2R x NK1R 相关的新闻（医药）

2023-05-25

·SYNAPSE

创新药解读 | 更年期潮热迎来首款非激素靶向药

2023年05月12日，一款名为Fezolinetant（商品名VEOZAH）的NK3受体拮抗剂在美国获批上市，使其成为全球首款治疗绝经导致的中重度血管舒缩症（以下均简称为“VMS”）的非激素类靶向药。下面，本文将围绕作用机制、安全性优势、临床疗效、研发现状及竞争格局等多个方面对Fezolinetant进行详细解读，希望可以帮助同仁更好地了解这款产品。 Fezolinetant的作用机制不同于激素类药物，Fezolinetant主要通过拮抗NK3受体发挥作用。NK3受体，全称神经激肽-3-受体（Neurokinin 3 Receptor），是神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y, NPY)受体家族中的一员，该受体主要分布于中枢神经系统，特别是大脑皮层、下丘脑和海马等区域。NK3受体通过与神经肽Y结合，调节各种神经和行为活动，如食欲、睡眠、注意力等。在下丘脑区域，体温调节中心受到NK3受体正向的激活刺激[1]，和雌激素负反馈的抑制。这种平衡在更年期时因雌激素的减少而被破坏，导致VMS。 Fezolinetant对NK3受体有很高的亲和力（Ki值为19.9-22.1nmol/L），比对NK1或NK2受体的亲和力高450倍以上，它通过拮抗NK3受体，阻断神经激肽B（NKB）与kisspeptin/神经激肽B/强啡肽（KNDy）神经元的结合，调节体温调节中心的神经元活动，最终恢复平衡，缓解VMS。相较于直接补充雌激素的疗法，这种治疗机制导致的副作用更少。 Fezolinetant更高的安全性如果女性自然停经12个月，那么她已进入了更年期，这是一种正常的自然变化，通常发生在45岁至55岁之间。在更年期，女性体内产生的雌激素和孕激素逐渐减少，大约80%的更年期女性会出现潮热，包括持续几分钟的出汗、潮红和发冷。对于更年期症状较明显者，目前最主要的治疗手段为激素替代疗法，包括雌激素、孕激素、雌孕激素联合治疗等。据智慧芽新药情报库数据统计，截止到2023年5月23日，全球共有33款治疗血管舒缩症的药物，其中13款获批上市，但除Fezolinetant外，全部为激素类药物（图1）。但长期使用激素类药物可能会带来一系列负面影响，如厌食、血脂变化、水肿、激素性肥胖，严重的还会导致子宫内膜增生、高血压、骨质疏松、糖尿病、肝损伤等等。另有一些经历过阴道出血、中风、心脏病发作、血栓或肝病的女性，不能接受激素治疗。临床研究显示，fezolinetant很少引发严重不良事件，最常见的副作用是腹痛、腹泻、失眠、背痛、潮红和肝转氨酶升高。相较于激素类药物，Fezolinetant的副作用更少、更轻，适用人群广，治疗优势明显，Fezolinetant的获批为治疗血管舒缩症提供了更优的选择。 Fezolinetant突出的临床疗效 FDA基于两项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照3期临床试验结果[2]，批准了fezolinetant的上市申请。在这两项试验的前12周，受试者（平均年龄为54岁）被随机分配至安慰剂组、fezolinetant组。12周后，fezolinetant组受试者延续之前的治疗，安慰剂组受试者被随机分配至30 mg 或 45 mg fezolinetant剂量组，接受40周的治疗。主要疗效终点是第4周和12周时，VMS的频率和严重程度。最终的结果显示：与安慰剂相比，在第4周和12周时，两种剂量的fezolinetant在统计学上显著降低了VMS的频率/严重程度（图1）。VMS的频率和严重程度在治疗的第1周就有了改善，并且这种改善持续了52周。延申解读除获批的血管舒缩症外，Fezolinetant还在多个国家/地区布局多种适应症，并且由于同靶点的药物开发较少，Fezolinetant在NK3赛道中具有明显的竞争优势。 Fezolinetant布局多款适应症，未来应用范围较广首先，在适应症方面，据智慧芽新药情报库数据统计，Fezolinetant还布局包括血管疾病、潮热、平滑肌瘤、多囊卵巢综合征、肾脏疾病等在内的多种适应症，其中有关血管舒缩症的开发，除在美国获批外，在欧盟也递交了上市申请，另外在英国、加拿大、西班牙已进入临床3期。在中国开展的是有关血管疾病、潮热的试验，目前均已进入临床3期。 Fezolinetant的同类产品较少据智慧芽新药情报库数据统计，目前全球共有25款靶向NK3的药物，但大多数研究已终止或无进展，剩下处于正常开发状态的包括：一款靶向NK3、NK1、NK2的产品SCH-206272，目前处于临床前期，但适应症为哮喘、咳嗽、慢性阻塞性肺病，与Fezolinetant暂不存在竞争关系；SJX-653处于临床2期，仅开发潮热一种适应症；奥沙奈坦处于临床2期，布局的适应症涉及前列腺腺癌、血管舒缩症、创伤后应激障碍；最主要的竞品为Elinzanetant，由拜耳开发，目前处于临床3期，适应症围绕绝经期综合征，与Fezolinetant的重叠度高，但布局的国家/地区较少。 Fezolinetant作为全球首款获批上市的NK3受体拮抗剂，已具备一定的竞争优势，并将在未来的几年甚至十几年保持这种竞争力。小结综上所述，Fezolinetant不仅可以显著降低VMS的频率和严重程度，与激素类药物相比，其副作用更少、更轻，适用人群更广，治疗优势明显。由于同类药物的开发相对较少，Fezolinetant在涵盖的国家和适应症方面更多，其研究也更加成熟。随着各类试验的推进，Fezolinetant有望在未来为更广泛的人群提供治疗。参考文献： 1. Kimball A Johnson and others, Efficacy and Safety of Fezolinetant in Moderate to Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Associated With Menopause: A Phase 3 RCT, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2023;, dgad058, https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad058 2. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216578s000lbl.pdf