更新于：2024-11-01

galectin-9

更新于：2024-11-01

基本信息

别名

Ecalectin、Gal-9、galectin 9

+ [4]

简介

Binds galactosides (PubMed:18005988). Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide (PubMed:18005988). Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3 (PubMed:16286920). Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death (PubMed:16286920). Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth (By similarity). Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration (PubMed:21670307). Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function (By similarity). Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation (PubMed:23817958). Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection (PubMed:20209097). Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells (PubMed:24465902, PubMed:16116184). Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells (PubMed:24465902). Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells (PubMed:25754930, PubMed:16116184). Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function (PubMed:23408620). Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy (PubMed:25578313). Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production (By similarity). May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion (By similarity). Highly selective to the anion urate (By similarity). Acts as an eosinophil chemoattractant (PubMed:9642261). It also inhibits angiogenesis (PubMed:24333696). Suppresses IFNG production by natural killer cells (By similarity).

关联

项与 galectin-9 相关的药物

LYT-200

靶点

galectin-9

作用机制

galectin-9抑制剂

在研机构

PureTech Health Plc

原研机构

PureTech Health Plc

在研适应症

结直肠癌 [+6]

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床1/2期

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

FG-3165

靶点

galectin-9

作用机制

galectin-9调节剂

在研机构

FibroGen, Inc.

原研机构

FibroGen, Inc.

在研适应症

实体瘤 [+1]

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床申请批准

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

Targeted LGALS9 monoclonal antibody (University of Lille)

靶向LGALS9单抗(University of Lille)

靶点

galectin-9

作用机制

galectin-9抑制剂

在研机构

Université De Lille [+1]

原研机构

Université De Lille [+1]

在研适应症

胰腺癌

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床前

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

项与 galectin-9 相关的临床试验

NCT05829226 / Recruiting临床1期

A Phase 1 Open-label, Multi-center Study of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics (PK), and Anti-tumor Activity of LYT- 200 in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), or With Relapsed/Refractory, High-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

A Phase 1 Open-label, Multi-center Study of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics (PK), and Anti-tumor Activity of LYT- 200 in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), or with Relapsed/refractory, High-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

开始日期2022-12-12

申办/合作机构

PureTech Health Plc

NCT04666688 / Recruiting临床1/2期

A Phase 1/2 Open-label, Multi-center Study of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Anti-tumor Activity of LYT-200 as a Single Agent and in Combination With Chemotherapy or Tislelizumab in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors

A Phase 1/2 Open-label, Multi-center Study of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Anti-tumor Activity of LYT-200 Alone and in Combination with Chemotherapy or Tislelizumab in Patients with Metastatic Solid Tumors

开始日期2020-12-15

申办/合作机构

PureTech Health Plc

100 项与 galectin-9 相关的临床结果

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100 项与 galectin-9 相关的转化医学

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0 项与 galectin-9 相关的专利（医药）

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5,852

项与 galectin-9 相关的文献（医药）

2025-01-01·Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

A study of the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy with immune invasion in colon adenocarcinoma

Article

作者: Lin, Ailing ; Chao, Guanqun ; Bao, Yang

Colon adenocarcinoma(COAD) is a primary and aggressive malignancy with the fifth highest mortality rate among cancers, and it is important to discover new strategies. The online database was used to analyze the correlation between Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and COAD, and further explore the immune infiltration and related gene networks.The expression and methylation levels of VDR was analyzed by using Timer database, GEPIA platform and UALCAN database. GeneMANIA database was used to analyze and obtain gene networks that are closely linked to VDR. UALCAN database was used to score the gene effects of VDR in colorectal cancer cell lines. The cBioPortal database was used for the detection of gene mutations. The survival curve analysis was carried out using the GEPIA database. The relationship between VDR expression and immune cell infiltration was analyzed by using the timer database and TISIDB database. TISIDB database was used to obtain VDR-related drug targets.The expression of VDR was significantly lower in COAD(p<0.05). The methylation level of VDR was significantly higher in COAD (p<0.05). The gene mutation rate of VDR in COAD was 2 %. OS and DFS were not associated with changes in the VDR gene in patients with COAD. VDR expression was correlated with CD4+T cell infiltration, macrophage infiltration, neutrophil infiltration, and dendritic cell infiltration. VDR has a clear correlation with ADORA2A, BTLA, CD160, CD244, CD274, CD96, CSF1R, CTLA4, HAVCR2, IL10, IDO1, LAG3, LGALS9, PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, PVRL2, TGFB1, TGFBR1, TIGIT and VTCN1.The expression of VDR is associated with immune infiltration in patients with COAD. VDR may be a new candidate biomarker for determining the level of immune infiltration and predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

2024-12-31·Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Exploring prognostic factors for survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer undergoing PD-1 inhibitor immunotherapy

Article

作者: Dai, Guanghai ; Chen, Shiyun ; Ma, Yue

Immunotherapy, led by programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, has emerged as a prominent antitumor therapy, yet prognostic challenges persist in pancreatic cancer (PC). This retrospective, single-center study evaluated prognostic factors in advanced PC patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors at the PLA General Hospital's Oncology Department from 2015-2022. With ethics approval by the Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army (S2021-228-03), we analyzed 126 patients using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models. p < .05 was considered a statistically significant difference. Median overall survival (mOS) and progression-free survival (mPFS) were 12.1 and 4.6 months, respectively. Significant mOS predictors were surgery history (44.2 months vs. 10 months, *p = .022), absence of liver metastases (44.2 months vs. 6.4 months, *p = .034), and baseline CA19-9 ≤ 216.15 U/ml (18.5 months vs. 9.2 months, *p = .049). For mPFS, histologic differentiation (5.5 months vs. 3.2 months, *p = .022) and first-line PD-1 inhibitor use (5.1 months vs. 1.5 months, ***p = .001) were key. Subgroup analyses highlighted early progression in low histologic differentiation and earlier death without surgery. History of surgery, absence of liver metastases, baseline CA19-9 level, and histologic intermediate/high differentiation may predict PD-1 inhibitor efficacy in advanced PC, pending validation in prospective trials.

2024-12-31·Hematology

Activated Tim-3/Galectin-9 participated in the development of multiple myeloma by negatively regulating CD4 T cells

Article

作者: Luo, Tingting ; Chen, Shuang ; Qu, Jianhua ; Zhang, Rui ; Guo, Sha

The interaction between Tim-3 on T cells and its ligand Galectin-9 negatively regulates the cellular immune response. However, the regulation of Tim-3/Galectin-9 on CD4 T cell subsets in multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the regulation of CD4 T cell subsets by the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway and clinical prognostic indicators in MM. Tim-3/Galectin-9 were detected by flow cytometry, PCR and ELISA in 60 MM patients and 40 healthy controls, and its correlation with clinical prognostic parameters was analyzed. The expressions of Tim-3 on CD4 T cells, Galectin-9 mRNA in PBMC and level of Galectin-9 protein in serum were significantly elevated in MM patients, especially those with poor prognostic indicators. In MM patients, Tim-3 was highly expressed on the surfaces of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, but lowly expressed on Treg. Moreover, level of cytokine IFN-γ in serum was negatively correlated with Tim-3⁺Th1 cell and Galectin-9mRNA, Galectin-9 protein level. In addition, cell culture experiments showed that the anti-tumor effect and the ability to secrete IFN-γ were restored by blocking the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway. In MM patients, Tim-3/Galectin-9 is elevated and associated with disease progression, by inhibiting the cytotoxic function of Th1, and also promoting Th2 and Th17 to be involved in immune escape of MM. Therefore, Tim-3/Galectin-9 may serve as a new immunotherapeutic target for MM patients.

项与 galectin-9 相关的新闻（医药）

2024-10-28

·GlobeNewswire-Health Care

ONCOTELIC PUBLISHED ITS FOURTH PUBLICATION ON TGFB2 THERAPEUTICS

AGOURA HILLS, Calif., Oct. 28, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc (OTCQB:OTLC) announced today its fourth publication of its TGFB2 series. Clinical data demonstrated that pancreatic cancer patients with high expression levels of either TGFB2, IRF9, or IFI27 showed improvement of median overall survival from 16-20 months to 72 months for patients with low levels of expression for both TGFB2 and either IRF9 or IFI27 validating that knockdown of IRF9 and IFI27 as therapeutic targets for TGFB2 therapeutics. https://www.mdpi.com/3003472 The publications of this series are available at Pubmed as follow: 1) TGFB2 mRNA Levels Prognostically Interact with Interferon-Alpha Receptor Activation of IRF9 and IFI27, and an Immune Checkpoint LGALS9 to Impact Overall Survival in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Qazi S, Trieu V. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Oct 18;25(20):11221. doi: 10.3390/ijms252011221. PMID: 39457004 2) Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFB2) mRNA Levels, in Conjunction with Interferon-Gamma Receptor Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) and Expression of CD276/B7-H3, Are Therapeutically Targetable Negative Prognostic Markers in Low-Grade Gliomas. Trieu V, Maida AE, Qazi S. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Mar 19;16(6):1202. doi: 10.3390/cancers16061202. PMID: 38539537 Free PMC article. 3) Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFB2) and Interferon Gamma Receptor 2 (IFNGR2) mRNA Levels in the Brainstem Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Significantly Impact Overall Survival in Pediatric DMG Patients. Qazi S, Talebi Z, Trieu V. Biomedicines. 2024 Jan 15;12(1):191. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010191. PMID: 38255296 Free PMC article. 4) High Intra-Tumor Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Level as a Predictor of Poor Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Uckun FM, Qazi S, Trieu V. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Mar 9;15(6):1676. doi: 10.3390/cancers15061676. PMID: 36980562 Free PMC article. Additional information on our current phase 3 can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KqdbySDRKE About Oncotelic Oncotelic (f/k/a Mateon Therapeutics, Inc.), was formed in the State of New York in 1988 as OXiGENE, Inc., was reincorporated in the State of Delaware in 1992, and changed its name to Mateon Therapeutics, Inc. in 2016, and Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc. in November 2020. Oncotelic is seeking to leverage its deep expertise in oncology drug development to improve treatment outcomes and survival of cancer patients with a special emphasis on rare pediatric cancers. Oncotelic has rare pediatric designation for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (“DIPG” through OT-101) through its 45% joint venture, GMP Biotechnology Limited, melanoma (through CA4P), and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (through OXi 4503). Oncotelic acquired PointR Data Inc. in November 2019 to build an AI driven biotechnology company. Further, Oncotelic acquired AL-101, during the 4th quarter of 2021, for the intranasal delivery of apomorphine. We intend to develop AL-101 for the treatment of Parkinson Disease, erectile dysfunction, female sexual disorder and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. All these ailments have a very large population suffering from them and there is a need for treatments for each. For more information on AL-101, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023. Oncotelic's Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this communication regarding strategy, future operations, future financial position, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. Words such as "may", "expect", "anticipate" "hope", "vision", "optimism", "design", "exciting", "promising", "will", "conviction", "estimate," "intend," "believe", "quest for a cure of cancer", "innovation-driven", "paradigm-shift", "high scientific merit", "impact potential" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward looking statements contained in this press release include, but are not limited to, statements about future plans related to the operations of the JV, taking the JV into an initial public offering or the success thereof, the progress, timing of clinical development, scope and success of future clinical trials, the reporting of clinical data for the Company’s product candidates and the potential use of the Company's product candidates to treat various cancer indications as well as obtaining required regulatory approval to conduct clinical trials and upon granting of approval by the regulatory agencies, the successful marketing of the products; building and the success of our nanoparticle platform and the related success of launching the platform, the development of the Company’s AI suite including but not limited to AI Chatbots, the public access to the Company’s AI suite, the success of the development of the AI suite or any other AI technologies and whether if any or portion thereof the Company’s AI suite or technologies will be commercialized and launched for sale. Each of these forward-looking statements involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements or may not occur at all. Many factors may cause differences between current expectations and actual results, including unexpected safety or efficacy data observed during preclinical or clinical studies, clinical trial site activation or enrollment rates that are lower than expected, changes in expected or existing competition, changes in the regulatory environment, failure of collaborators to support or advance collaborations or product candidates and unexpected litigation or other disputes, taking the Company or its affiliates through initial public offerings. These risks are not exhaustive, the company faces known and unknown risks, including the risk factors described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023 and in the company's other periodic filings. Forward-looking statements are based on expectations and assumptions as of the date of this press release. Except as required by law, the company does not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in expectations, whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise. Contact Information: For Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc.:Investor Relationsir@oncotelic.com

并购临床3期

2024-10-24

·今日头条

【CTM】北京大学发文：胃癌治疗的有效靶点

【导读】胃癌患者伴有腹膜转移（GCPM）的临床病程迅速恶化，表现为治疗抵抗和生存率极低，尤其是在恶性腹水出现后。然而，在治疗过程中腹膜微环境（PME）内部的复杂动态仍鲜为人知。 10月18日，北京大学研究团队在期刊《Clinical And Translational Medicine》上发表了题为“Single-cell characterization of differentiation trajectories and drug resistance features in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis”的研究论文，本研究中，研究人员追踪上皮细胞的进化轨迹揭示了具有高度上皮-间质转化潜力的终末分化的MUC1+癌细胞，它们与成纤维细胞和内皮细胞表现出空间邻近关系，与不良预后相关。与PT和PM相比，ASC中观察到了显著增多的具有最高促血管生成活性的巨噬细胞浸润。此外，在治疗失败病例中，研究人员观察到了与显著较低的GZMA+T淋巴细胞浸润相关的更高比例的C1Q+巨噬细胞浸润，这可能通过LGALS9-CD45和SPP1-CD44配体-受体相互作用介导。在化疗耐药组中，研究人员观察到了通过补体激活途径的C1Q+巨噬细胞与成纤维细胞的密切相互作用。在表现出免疫耐受的组中，检测到了MUC1+癌细胞中增强的TGF-β产生活性，它们通过GDF15-TGF-βR2轴倾向于与C1Q+巨噬细胞相互作用。最终的分析表明，对于在诊断时就患有GCPM的患者来说，同时靶向TGF-β和PDL1途径可能比单纯使用抗PD-1/PD-L1疗法带来更优越的临床益处。本研究阐明了PME细胞的分化轨迹和关键的耐药特征，这有助于探索有效的GCPM治疗靶点。 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ctm2.70054 背景信息 01 据全球癌症统计数据，胃癌（GC）在所有癌症的发病率和死亡率中均排名第五，在东亚地区疾病负担严重。令人担忧的是，大约有17%的GC患者在初次评估时会出现胃癌腹膜转移（GCPM）。此外，GCPM患者的预后仍然不容乐观，即使在最佳支持性治疗的情况下，其总体生存期也只有7个月。尽管在晚期GC治疗方面出现了创新疗法，如免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs），但GCPM病例的治疗效果仍然受到很大限制。深入探究GCPM临床进程恶化的根本原因，对相关机制的有限理解成为获得更好治疗方案的障碍。因此，全面调查GCPM的发病和发展有助于揭示调控途径并识别针对该疾病的新型有效治疗靶点。在原发肿瘤（PT）的腹膜转移过程中，GC细胞必须在穿透胃壁后进入腹膜腔，并在腹膜上建立肿瘤病灶。腹膜微环境（PME）极为复杂，由多种类型的癌细胞和免疫细胞组成，这些细胞会随着GCPM发生动态变化。此外，靶向GCPM的治疗干预可能会驱动PME中细胞的进化适应，进而影响治疗效果。一些近期的研究揭示了腹膜转移的组织内异质性和细胞谱系的多样性。例如，研究人员报告了两种腹膜转移病灶的分子亚型，包括上皮样和间质样组。后者显示了更高的耗竭T淋巴细胞浸润和更高的TIM-3和甘露糖结合蛋白-9表达，这表明免疫治疗可能具有潜在的益处。此外，研究人员还研究了GCPM期间PME的异质性，观察了治疗干预下的细胞重构。然而，已有治疗信息的腹水样本数量有限（n=5），且样本不匹配。因此，不同GCPM相关组织间的动态异质性变化，以及由治疗驱动的多种细胞类型演变所带来的谜团，仍然没有得到解决。治疗耐药型病例的PME特征 02 研究人员专注于基于9对预治疗基线和治疗进展样本的PME重构。观察到治疗进展样本中中性粒细胞显著扩张，而基线腹水样本中未观察到此类扩张。在化疗队列中，观察到癌细胞浸润呈下降趋势，这与治疗驱动的恶性细胞凋亡和坏死相一致，而巨噬细胞的浸润呈上升趋势。免疫治疗后，T淋巴细胞浸润显著扩张，这表明抗肿瘤免疫功能得到恢复。治疗诱导的恶性腹水重构及巨噬细胞亚群分析接下来，研究人员分析了化疗/免疫治疗后DEGs及其相关通路活性的变化。观察到化疗抵抗组巨噬细胞中CXCL8和IL1B的显著上调以及中性粒细胞中NFKBIZ的上调，这表明髓源性抑制细胞（MDSC）的促炎功能增强。在免疫治疗组中，观察到T淋巴细胞对干扰素γ（IFN-γ）的应答上调。研究人员还评估了不同细胞类型的功能特征，发现进展样本中的MDSC在化疗后表现出更高的促血管生成活性。同时，DC和巨噬细胞的AP功能也增强，这可能归因于化疗诱导的免疫原性细胞死亡。在对免疫治疗抵抗的病例中，研究人员观察到T淋巴细胞的耗竭评分较高，增殖评分较低。在其他免疫效应细胞如NK细胞和B淋巴细胞中也观察到了类似的表型，这表明免疫功能耗竭的状态，治疗失败个体的巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞和中性粒细胞之间通过CCL途径的相互作用明显增强。简而言之，治疗失败是由于MDSCs的促炎/血管生成活性增强和T淋巴细胞耗竭所致。结论 03 总之，本研究明确了不同GCPM相关组织之间的细胞分化轨迹以及复杂的相互作用网络，并鉴定出与药物耐药相关的关键特征。这些发现有助于探索更有效的GCPM治疗靶点。【参考资料】 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ctm2.70054 【关于投稿】转化医学网（360zhyx.com）是转化医学核心门户，旨在推动基础研究、临床诊疗和产业的发展，核心内容涵盖组学、检验、免疫、肿瘤、心血管、糖尿病等。如您有最新的研究内容发表，欢迎联系我们进行免费报道（公众号菜单栏-在线客服联系），我们的理念：内容创造价值，转化铸就未来！转化医学网（360zhyx.com）发布的文章旨在介绍前沿医学研究进展，不能作为治疗方案使用；如需获得健康指导，请至正规医院就诊。热门推荐活动点击免费报名 🕓 上海｜11月15日-16日 ▶ 2024第一届中国类器官转化医学大会 🕓 上海｜11月21日-24日 ▶ 第七届上海国际肿瘤内科学论坛 🕓 全国｜2024年12月-2025年03月 ▶ 中国转化医学产业大会 🕓 上海｜2025年02月28日-03月01日 ▶ 第四届长三角单细胞组学技术应用论坛暨空间组学前沿论坛点击对应文字查看详情

ASCO会议临床研究

2024-10-23

·兰卫医学

【学术前沿】单细胞结合空间转录组的研究思路和案例分享——肿瘤免疫研究领域（下）

学术前沿单细胞结合空间转录组的研究思路和案例分享 ——肿瘤免疫研究领域（下） 01 引言单细胞转录组测序是在单个细胞水平进行高通量转录组测序的一项技术，其能有效解决细胞异质性以及之前bulk RNA-seq被掩盖的种种问题。随着该技术在分辨率和通量方面的不断优化，研究者从异质性样本中分析细胞类型特异性基因调控网络的能力也相对提高，但是在细胞的空间位置水平尚有欠缺。空间转录组技术于2020年被《自然》杂志评为年度技术，可以解析时间和空间维度上单个细胞的基因表达模式，以及细胞类群的空间位置关系及生物学特征。其原理是将空间条形码寡核苷酸引物固定在载玻片上，然后将组织贴于载玻片实现组织内转录组序列的捕获与检测。随着10x Genomics的空间Visium技术的登场和不断更新加强，单细胞联合空间转录组的研究如火如荼的开展，遍布了遗传、发育、肿瘤、免疫等多个生物科研和医学热门领域。一、研究目的 1.某肿瘤中，整体的细胞图谱、空间图谱及细胞间机制探索。 2.某肿瘤中，不同进展期（病变期）、不同亚型、特殊基因表达或原发灶与转移灶样本之间差异机制探索。 3.某肿瘤中，肿瘤对治疗方案的疗效应答中的差异机制探索。二、样本选择 1. 某癌种中，根据其样本类型的特殊性，选择一定数量的样本，包括新鲜组织、冰冻组织或石蜡样本。 2. 某癌种中，根据原发灶和转移灶、免疫类型（浸润型、沙漠型、排斥型）、基因表达（阴/阳）或不同病理亚型的分组取样。 3. 某癌种中，根据PD1免疫药物治疗/靶向药物治疗/常规放化疗等治疗药物，新辅助、转化治疗等方案，选取应答/无应答、治疗前/治疗后的样本分组取样检测。三、研究方法 1.主要研究方法：主要应用在发现探索阶段的方法,一般包括流式细胞技术(Facs)、单细胞组学（scRNA-seq）、空间转录组(visium HD)、多重免疫荧光染色(mIF)、探针原位杂交（Xenium）等； 2.其他辅助方法：辅助研究方法应用在机制验证方面，会根据验证模型的不同水平，比如细胞水平、动物模型、人源组织、类器官、网络数据库等等，对应各种生物检测分析方法并没有固定的思路。四、分析思路 1.单细胞图谱：细胞类型的空间分布特征，亚群的图谱分类； 2.空间图谱绘制：细胞类型的空间分布特征，亚群的定位； 3.各个亚群细胞中的特征，寻找对比差异显著的细胞亚群，从剖析细胞/基因功能空间动态变化、空间细胞分化规律（拟时序）去分析细胞发生的机制和可能作用； 4.各类细胞亚群的相关性，通过细胞通讯、ST定位以及IHC或mIF等图像直观证明细胞亚群间特异的互动关系； 5.实验验证靶点和机制：细胞水平、类器官水平、动物模型水平做敲除干预治疗等验证。五、文献分享案例1 《单细胞和空间转录组分析揭示了肝转移性结直肠癌的细胞异质性》发表期刊：Cell，影响因子：11.5 研究背景：结直肠癌(CRC)是世界上第三大最常见的恶性肿瘤，而转移性 CRC 的生存率很低。CRC转移过程是一个多步骤的过程，包含了癌细胞和基质细胞之间的交流通过分泌细胞因子、生长因子和蛋白酶来促进转移性扩散，从而重塑肿瘤微环境。TME 的细胞组成非常复杂，包括多种成纤维细胞和免疫细胞，它们在癌症逃避、转移和治疗反应中发挥着重要作用。癌症相关成纤维细胞（CAF）是许多类型恶性肿瘤（包括 CRC、乳腺癌和胰腺癌）的主要基质细胞成分。为了全面绘制结直肠癌和匹配的肝转移的细胞景观，研究人员使用scRNA-seq结合空间转录组(ST)和免疫组织化学(IHC)染色以及流式细胞术生成了高分辨率的细胞图谱。检测技术组合：流式细胞术、单细胞转录组、空间转录组样本类型：1. 6例CRC患者的27份样本，包括原发性结直肠癌(CC)、邻近正常结直肠粘膜(CN)、肝转移(LM)、邻近正常肝组织(LN)和外周血(PB)五种组织类型用于单细胞转录组检测。 2. 6例CRC患者，包含4例CRC原发性肿瘤（C1至C4）和2例肝转移性肿瘤（L1和L2）采用空间转录组。主要结果： 1.根据免疫和非免疫细胞群，分别展示了CRC原发肿瘤和CRC肝转移性肿瘤的单细胞转录组图基本分类，以及原发和转移的差异。 Fig.1.CRC原发及肝转移中的全球细胞景观 2.CRC原发性肿瘤和CRC源性肝转移性肿瘤的空间分布在ST组织中鉴定出B细胞、 T细胞、 NK细胞、浆细胞、髓样细胞、肿瘤细胞、成纤维细胞和内皮细胞。这些细胞簇的比例和分数在每个地区都不同。与C1、C3和C4的肿瘤旁组织相比，肿瘤组织中浆细胞的比率降低。 Fig.2.空间转录组样本的细胞鉴定 3.原发性肿瘤和肝转移性肿瘤之间肿瘤细胞的转录组异质性亚聚类分析揭示了肿瘤细胞的不同分化谱系。在各群中鉴定出簇状细胞的分化标志基因。肿瘤细胞群的异质性表明肿瘤细胞的分化潜力。为了进一步研究不同肿瘤细胞簇的功能通路和转录程序，进行了基因集变异分析（GSVA）和转录因子（TF）分析。结果显示，表明CA2可能是TME中的干细胞亚群。 Fig.3.原发性和转移性肿瘤细胞的转录组特征和异质性 4.TME重塑髓系细胞的组成鉴定出三种髓系细胞：单核细胞/巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和肥大细胞。使用亚聚类分析确定了8个单核细胞/巨噬细胞簇和3个常规DC（cDC）簇，GSVA分析显示，Mac_SPP1亚群参与了与炎症反应相关的通路。拟时序显示Mac_CXCL9 和 Mac_SPP1 亚群均发生终末分化，表明它们是肿瘤激活的Mac亚群。cDC_LAMP3 亚群还表现出高水平的成本刺激分子CD40CD80和CD86 表达，它们是DC成熟的标志物。在LM中，cDC_LAMP3亚群的比例显著增加表明肿瘤细胞对TIME的重塑作用。 Fig.4.骨髓细胞的免疫景观 5.CXCL13T 细胞在肝转移性肿瘤中富集在 T 细胞中，7个CD8 T细胞簇、5个常规CD4 T（cCD4）细胞簇和2个调节T细胞簇被识别。从细胞比例显示，无论是CD8还是CD4的T细胞，LM的CXCL13T细胞子集比例都很高。GSVA分析显示，CD8_CXCL13亚群富含T细胞增殖通路，CD4_CXCL13 亚群富含G细胞+2-M检查点通路。用流式细胞术鉴定了CD69+CD103+CD8+T细胞。CC和LM的CD69+CD103+CD8+T细胞的Ki67表达水平均高于其他CD8+T细胞。然而，来自CN和LN的不同CD8+T细胞亚群的增殖特性几乎相同。 Fig.5.CXCL13+T细胞在肝转移瘤中富集 6.CXCL13 T细胞与CRC患者的良好预后相关在上图验证CD8_CXCL13细胞可能是肿瘤激活的亚群。进一步对CD8_CXCL13子集的特征做深入研究。与其他亚群相比，在CD8_CXCL13亚群中观察到高水平的耗竭标志物，且耗竭表型表明它们的肿瘤反应性。IHC难以检测组织中的CXCL13，因此选用CD69和CD103标记CXCL13细胞，结果显示该群T细胞比肿瘤组织中的其他CD8 T细胞更接近CK19肿瘤细胞。将基因表达综合（GEO）队列中的CRC患者分为CXCL13+高和CXCL13低组，发现CC中 CXCL13 的较高表达预示着更好的总生存期。 Fig.6. CXCL13+ T细胞的特性及预后影响 7.成纤维细胞的不同亚群存在于 CRC 的原发性和肝脏转移性肿瘤中在CRC的TME中鉴定出8个具有不同基因表达模式的成纤维细胞簇，然后研究人员对各类成纤维细胞分别做了转录组数据比较、IHC组化、拟时序分析、以及ST分析，在CRC原发性和肝转移性肿瘤之间观察到不同的表型谱和成纤维细胞的高度可变频率，这表明在不同癌症环境中TME内的细胞异质性。 Fig.7. 原发性和转移性肿瘤中成纤维细胞的转录组特征和异质性 8.在原发性肿瘤中富集的 F3 表达成纤维细胞亚群分泌促肿瘤因子，并与 CRC 患者的不良预后相关为了研究富含CC和LM的不同成纤维细胞对TME 的重塑，研究人员分析了F2_MCAM和F4_F3的特征。通过差异基因富集以及F4_F3细胞与肿瘤细胞之间揭示了通过NRG1和Erb-B2受体酪氨酸激酶3 （ERBB3）通路进行串扰。在ST中发现了两类细胞 F3与NRG1的共定位并通过transwell细胞实验迁移证明。最后在预后数据中发现F3和NRG1 高表达水平的CRC患者总生存期较差。 Fig.8. F3+成纤维细胞的特性及预后影响 9. LM的TME中表达MCAM的成纤维细胞通过Notch 信号通路调节CD8_CXCL13细胞的产生之前发现RBPJ在LM中的表达与CXCL13和ITGAE呈正相关。为了进一步了解两个亚群受到什么类型的细胞调节Notch信号，采用cellphoneDB分析，在内皮细胞中E2_DLL4亚群与CXCL13+ T细胞的相互作用最强，在成纤维细胞中F2_MCAM簇通JAG1-NOTCH1与CD8_CXCL13和CD4_CXCL13亚群相互作用。由于TME中成纤维细胞的分散分布模式，推测F2_MCAM亚群有助于CXCL13+ T细胞中Notch信号的激活。此外根据LM中F2_MCAM的比例高低，发现F2_MCAM高组患者LM中CD8_CXCL13亚群的浸润评分更高，并在ST中得到了验证，使用JASPAR预测表明RBPJ可能作TF影响CXCL13的表达。 Fig.9. TME中的NOTCH信号调节CD8_CXCL13细胞的生成 10.ST组织中的细胞间相互作用网络原发性肿瘤和肝转移性肿瘤ST中不同簇之间的细胞相互作用，表明ERBB3-NRG1相互作用在原发性肿瘤发生和转移中的潜在作用，发现在CRC原发肿瘤中富集的F3成纤维细胞可以通过产生各种促肿瘤因子（包括 NRG1）来调节发展和/或迁移，这些因子与肿瘤细胞上表达的ERBB3相互作用以发挥其促肿瘤功能。 Fig.10. ST组织中的细胞配体和受体相互作用案例2 《空间和单细胞转录组学揭示了HNSCC中与癌症相关的成纤维细胞亚群限制了CD8+ T细胞的浸润和抗肿瘤活性》发表期刊：Cancer Research，影响因子：12.5 样本类型：5例头颈部鳞状细胞癌HNSCC癌和癌旁组织；技术组合：单细胞RNA转录组、空间转录组、免疫组化、免疫荧光、其他等等；研究背景：免疫治疗可以延长一些HNSCC患者的生存期，但应答率仍然很低。阐明肿瘤微环境中cd8+t细胞浸润和功能障碍的关键机制有助于最大限度地发挥免疫治疗HNSCC的益处。CD8+T细胞与包括CAFs在内的其他类型细胞之间的相互作用决定了CD8+T细胞如何在这一动态TME中发挥作用，本研究对五对肿瘤和邻近组织的不同免疫浸润和单细胞RNA测序的HNSCC标本进行了空间转录组学分析，揭示了与cd8 + t细胞浸润限制和功能障碍相关的特定癌症相关成纤维细胞(CAF)亚群。技术路线：主要结果： 1. HNSCC肿瘤组织对CD8+T细胞具有招募趋化作用，CD8+T细胞存在于肿瘤基质中，且免疫排斥型的HNSCC中CD8a+被受限无法浸润到肿瘤巢中； Fig 1.CD8+T细胞在不同HNSCC肿瘤亚型中的分布 2.MHC-IhiCAFs（5亚群）是肿瘤组织中区别于癌旁组织的最主要的CAFs亚群，高表达CXCLs和MHC-I增强了CAFs与CD8+T的结合，且可通过限制CD8+T细胞的抗肿瘤能力造成预后不良； Fig 2.HNSCC肿瘤及邻近组织成纤维细胞的整体分析 3. MHC-IhiCAFs中存在LGALS9（编码galectin-9蛋白）的富集，大部分HNSCC肿瘤基质中均存在galectin-9蛋白的表达；MHC-IhiCAFs中galectin-9蛋白的表达依赖于干扰素信号； Fig3. TCF1 ~ GZMK ~ CD8 + T细胞与galectin-9的CAF细胞呈负相关 4.在CAFs中敲减LGALS9表达会降低CD8+T表达免疫检查点分子，同时促进干性和细胞毒性分子的表达，且动物实验证明Gal-9+CAFs促进干细胞样CD8+T细胞耗竭转化。图4. 动物实验验证MHC I类的高表达限制了cd8+T细胞的抗肿瘤功能案例3 《上皮细胞激活成纤维细胞促进食管癌的发展》发表期刊：Cancer cell，影响因子：48.8 样本类型：29例ESCC患者79个多期食管病变的正常上皮、癌前病变和癌组织；技术组合：单细胞RNA转录组、空间转录组、免疫组化、免疫荧光、其他等等；研究背景：食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)的发展经历了多阶段上皮癌的形成，即从正常上皮、低级别和高级别上皮内瘤变到浸润性癌。然而，癌前病变如何发展为癌机制尚未可知。主要结果： 1.ESCC多阶段肿瘤发生过程各种细胞类型图谱分析 Fig 1.单细胞转录组学分析揭示了ESCC多阶段肿瘤发生过程中的各种细胞类型 2.上皮细胞中ANXA1的功能失调可能是ESCC肿瘤发生中至关重要的事件； Fig 2.上皮细胞在ESCC肿瘤发生过程中逐渐抑制ANXA1表达 3.ESCC肿瘤发生过程中上皮细胞与成纤维细胞的相互作用，食管上皮细胞产生的ANXA1功能的丧失可能导致NF-CAF转化； Fig 3.上皮细胞抑制ANXA1可促进NF向CAFs转化 4.KLF4、KLF5、CEBPB和FOXA1与ANXA1的RNA水平呈正相关，细胞实验发现只有靶向KFL4的SiRNA可显著抑制ANXA1表达，KLF4调节ANXA1转录，促进NFs向myCAF的转化。图4.在体外和体内，抑制上皮细胞ANXA1可促进myCAF的激活参考文献： [1]Wang F, Long J, Li L, Wu ZX, Da TT, Wang XQ, Huang C, Jiang YH, Yao XQ, Ma HQ, Lian ZX, Zhao ZB, Cao J. Single-cell and spatial transcriptome analysis reveals the cellular heterogeneity of liver metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Adv. 2023 Jun 16;9(24):eadf5464. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5464. Epub 2023 Jun 16. PMID: 37327339; PMCID: PMC10275599. [2]Li C, Guo H, Zhai P, Yan M, Liu C, Wang X, Shi C, Li J, Tong T, Zhang Z, Ma H, Zhang J. Spatial and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveal a Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Subset in HNSCC That Restricts Infiltration and Antitumor Activity of CD8+ T Cells. Cancer Res. 2024 Jan 16;84(2):258-275. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-23-1448. PMID: 37930937; PMCID: PMC10790129. [3]Chen Y, Zhu S, Liu T, Zhang S, Lu J, Fan W, Lin L, Xiang T, Yang J, Zhao X, Xi Y, Ma Y, Cheng G, Lin D, Wu C. Epithelial cells activate fibroblasts to promote esophageal cancer development. Cancer Cell. 2023 May 8;41(5):903-918.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.03.001. Epub 2023 Mar 23. PMID: 36963399. 本文由科研学术部何鼎提供

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