FAP

1976年发现的IL-2，在整个免疫治疗史上，有着不可替代的位置。Rosenberg称之为第一个人类肿瘤有效的免疫治疗方法。IL-2/IL-2R受体里程碑研究 1976年 NCI肿瘤细胞生物学实验室的RobertGallo，使用PHA刺激淋巴细胞产生条件培养基培养骨髓细胞，其中90%的T细胞长达9个月的生存维持。在此之前，原代T细胞无法体外培养，是免疫学发展的巨大瓶颈性技术问题。这个未被纯化的成分称之为T细胞生长因子（TCGF）。条件培养基培养骨髓细胞（文献1）1980年NCI肿瘤细胞生物学实验室的RobertGallo，通过离子交换色谱和凝胶分离，从条件培养基中分离浓缩了TCGF，并且得出了大致的分子量约15KD。纯化IL-2电泳（文献2）1983年日本癌症研究基金会肿瘤研究中心，Junji Hamuro等人，克隆了IL-2的基因，完成了测序工作。人们可以完整的了解这个T细胞生长因子的基因和氨基酸序列等基础信息。但是为什么第一个被克隆的细胞因子成为IL-2而不是IL-1呢？原因是，当初有科学家认为，有另外一个细胞因子刺激了IL-2的产生，那个未知的因子应该是1。IL-2序列（文献3）IL-2受体的发现和克隆 1984年Nature发表了三篇IL-2受体α克隆的文章（文献4，5，6），分别来自于Immunex 公司（2002年Amgen收购），NCI，和日本京都大学。 1986年NIH国立儿童健康与人类发育研究所在Science发表文章（文献7），发现了IL-2另外一个受体p70，1986和1987年还有多篇文章报道IL-2 p70受体。1990年日本东北大学医学院，1991京都大学分别发表文章发现IL-2Rγ（文献8，9）。至此，IL-2受体α，β，γ被发现。之后IL-2和受体的结合，被Stanford的科学家解析。IL-2-IL-2Rα，β，γ复合物结构（文献10）IL-2/IL-2R药物开发 重组IL-21983年IL-2基因被克隆，是IL-2药物开发的里程碑式基础研究，1983年和1984年多个实验室进行了IL-2的大肠杆菌表达。 IL-2临床试验统计（文献16）1984年11月，一个33岁黑色素瘤转移的病人接受重组IL-2治疗，肿瘤消退，此后病人无疾病生存29年。1985年Rosenberg在肝癌转移小鼠模型注射重组IL-2，获得很好的治疗效果（文献11）。1985年Rosenberg等在新英格兰医学杂志报道，使用IL-2和LAK细胞进行了25个癌症转移病人的临床研究。Rosenberg 2014年发文评述IL-2是第一个人类肿瘤有效的免疫治疗方法（文献13）。 1991年诺华与linigen联合研发的重组IL-2药物 Proleukin（Aldesleukin，阿地白介素）被FDA批准治疗转移性肾癌，1998年批准治疗转移性黑色素瘤。但是因为半衰期短，治疗窗口窄，毒副作用大，且同时刺激Treg活化，限制了临床使用。 新型IL-2开发（PEG化，偏向性IL-2） IL-2R有α（CD25），β（CD122），γ（CD132），其中，α为低亲和力受体，且下游无信号传导，β和γ组成中等亲和力的受体，下游可以通过JAK传导信号，在α参与的情况下，亲和力增强为高亲和力受体。IL-2受体（文献17） 从1990s开始，很多的科研单位和企业开始，通过突变改变IL-2和不同受体亚单位亲和力，以增加活力，降低毒性。2000年Bayer 设计了BAY50-4798，选择性结合IL-2Raβγ，减少和IL-2βγ的结合，减少IL-2Rβγ+ NK细胞介导的毒性。但是最终临床治疗和传统IL-2比较，没有改善。BAY50-4798结构及作用（文献14）NKTR-214NKTR-214是由美国Nektar公司开发的一种针对CD122 (IL-2Rβ)抗原的偏向型激动剂,其通过靶向作用于CD8+效应T细胞以刺激肿瘤杀伤T细胞的增殖,从而利用患者自身免疫系统对抗癌症。NKTR-214通过对首个肿瘤免疫药物aldesleukin进行聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰,有效克服了其严重的毒副作用并延长起效时间。THOR-707Synthorx公司（赛诺菲25亿美金收购）产品，通过向宿主细胞转入非天然氨基酸，在该位点实现定点PEG偶联，和IL-2Rα低亲和力，但是和IL-2Rβγ有接近天然的亲和力，选择性激活CD8+T细胞，不激活Treg。NCT04009681，A Study Evaluating Safety and TherapeuticActivity of THOR-707 in Adult Subjects With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors(THOR-707-101)，Phase1/2SHR-1916 12月25日恒瑞偏向性IL-2，SHR-1916获批临床。SHR-1916是恒瑞医药自主研发的全新PEG修饰和位点突变的IL-2分子，可以通过激活JAK1/JAK3/STAT5信号通路，促进CD8⁺T和NK细胞增殖，发挥抗肿瘤作用。Immunocytokine（抗体-IL2偶联） 通过靶向肿瘤抗原抗体将IL-2携带至肿瘤局部，是另外一种策略，可以增加半衰期，增强靶向性，降低毒性。hu14.18-IL2hu14.18-IL2（EMD273063），由EMD Serono研发，是一种抗GD2免疫因子，由抗GD2抗体14.18（抗体）和两分子的IL-2（免疫因子）融合而成的蛋白，主要用于治疗黑色素瘤。临床研究：NCT00590824，Pilothu14.18-IL2 in Resectable Recurrent Stage III or Stage IV Melanoma，phase2 在一些高复发风险的黑色素瘤患者中，使用IC治疗的患者出现了长时间的无瘤生存。 L19-IL2Philogen S.p.A.公司研发，L19靶向细胞外基质（ECM）纤维连接蛋白异构体B-FN的的结构域B（ED-B）。NCT02957019，A PhaseI/II Study of the Tumor-targeting Human L19-IL2 Monoclonal Antibody-cytokineFusion Protein in Combination With Rituximab in Relapsed or Refractory DiffuseLarge B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)NCT04362722，IntratumoralAdministration of Daromun in Non-melanoma Skin Cancer Patients (DUNCAN)，phase2Philogen S.p.A.还开发了F16IL2，有多个临床在开展，但是进度未更新。RO6874281RO6874281，来自于Roche，是IL-2突变体与靶向FAP的单抗融合而成的双特异性蛋白，其中靶向肿瘤胶质抗原FAP的单抗用于将蛋白相对准确地定位到肿瘤部位，IL-2突变体部分则偏向性地结合和调控肿瘤微环境中的T细胞表面的IL-2Rβγ二聚体，从而激活微环境中的抗肿瘤免疫效果。 NCT03875079（Metastatic Melanoma），NCT03063762（Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma），NCT02627274（联用Trastuzumab or Cetuximab），NCT03386721（实体瘤，联用Atezolizumab），NCT03193190（PDAC）IL-2R抗体 阻断性抗体用于炎症性疾病，非阻断性抗体用于肿瘤免疫治疗。阻断性抗体Zinbryta(daclizumab)AbbVie，Inc.和Biogen适用为有多发性硬化症(MS)的复发型成年患者的治疗白介素-2受体阻断抗体7例严重不良反应，主要为脑炎和脑膜炎，这才紧急启动撤市程序。 IL-2R alpha嵌合体抗体Basiliximab/巴利昔单抗/舒莱Novartis预防首次肾移植术后的急性器官排斥国内注册号：S20171040非阻断性抗体RG6292非阻断性CD25抗体，选择性清除Treg。详细内容可阅读：Roche 新型CD25抗体选择性清除调节性T细胞，增强抗肿瘤免疫参考文献Morgan DA, Ruscetti FW, GalloRC: Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows.Science 1976, 193: 1007e1008J.W. Mier, R.C. Gallo,Purification and some characteristics of human T-cell growth factor fromphytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte-conditioned media, Proc.Natl. Acad.Sci. USA (1980)aniguchi T,et al: Structure andexpression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2. Nature 1983, 302:305e310Cosman, D.et al, (1984).Cloning, sequence and expression of human interleukin-2 receptor. Nature 312,768–771.Leonard, W.J.,etal.(1984).Molecular cloning and expression of cDNAs for the human interleukin-2 receptor.Nature 311, 626–631.Nikaido, T., et al (1984).Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human interleukin-2 receptor. Nature 311,631–635.Sharon, M., et al. (1986).Novel interleukin-2 receptor subunit detected by cross-linking underhigh-affinity conditions. Science 234, 859–863.Takeshita, T., et al. (1990).An associated molecule, p64, with high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor. Int.Immunol. 2, 477–480.Saito, Y.,et al. (1991).Biochemical evidence for a third chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. J. Biol.Chem. 266, 22186–22191.X. Wang, M. Rickert, K.C.Garcia, Structure of the quaternary complex of interleukin-2 with Its α, ß, andγc Receptors. Science (80-) 310 (2005) 1159 LP–1163Lafreniere R, Rosenberg SA.1985. Successful immunotherapy of murine experimental hepatic metastases withlymphokine activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2. Cancer Res45(8):3735–3741.Rosenberg SA, et al. 1985.Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activatedkiller cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer.N Engl J Med 313(23):1485–1492.Rosenberg SA. 2014. IL-2: thefirst effective immunotherapy for human cancer. J Immunol 192(12):5451–5458.Shanafelt AB, et al. 2000. AT-cell-selective interleukin 2 mutein exhibits potent antitumor activity and iswell tolerated in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 18(11):1197–1202.Carnemolla B, Borsi L, Balza Eet al (2002) Enhancement of the antitumor properties of interleukin-2 byits targeted delivery to the tumor blood vessel extracellular matrix. Blood99(5):1659– 1665Alexy Orozco Valencia，et al，Interleukin-2 as immunotherapeutic in the autoimmune diseases，International Immunopharmacology 81 (2020) 1062962Rosanne Spolski，et al，Biology and regulation of IL-2: from molecular mechanisms to human therapy，Nat Rev Immunol . 2018 Oct;18(10):648-659.本周好文推荐如需转载请联系佰傲谷并在醒目位置注明出处···

5 April 2024 Avacta Group plc(“Avacta” or “the Group” or “the Company”) AVA6000 Abstract Release by AACR and Full Presentation Update Avacta Group plc (AIM: AVCT), a life sciences company developing innovative, targeted oncology drugs and powerful diagnostics, today announces that the abstract of the poster to be presented at the American Association of Cancer Research (“AACR”) Annual Meeting in San Diego, California on Tuesday 9 April has now been released by AACR. The poster presentation will be based on data from the Phase 1a trial of AVA6000, a peptide drug conjugate consisting of doxorubicin conjugated with a peptide moiety that is specifically cleaved by fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in the tumor microenvironment. Christina Coughlin, MD, PhD, Head of Research & Development and Simon Bennett, DPhil, Chief Business Officer, will be attending the conference with colleagues. Presentation details Title: A Phase 1 trial of AVA6000, a Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP)-released and tumor microenvironment (TME)-targeted doxorubicin peptide drug conjugate in patients with FAP-positive solid tumors Session Title: First-in-Human Phase 1 Clinical Trials 2 Session Date and Time: Tuesday 9 April 2024 9:00 AM - 12:30 PM (PDT) Location: San Diego Convention Center, San Diego CA USA Abstract Presentation Number: CT188 First Author: Udai Banerji, MD, PhD, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust The presentation will include updated data from the Phase 1 trial beyond those included in the abstract. A copy of the abstract will be available on Avacta’s website at: https://avacta.com/about/scientific-resources/. Copies of the poster will be available on Avacta's website following the conference at: https://avacta.com/about/resources/posters/. Christina Coughlin will provide a video presentation overview examining the data presented in the poster. This will be available on 10th April at https://avacta.com/investors/documents-presentations/. Alastair Smith, Avacta Chief Executive Officer, will also be hosting a webinar on Wednesday, April 10 2024 at 5.30pm BST to discuss the data. Registration for the event is via the following link:https://www.turnerpope.com/register/ -Ends- For further information from Avacta Group plc, please contact: Avacta Group plcAlastair Smith, Chief Executive OfficerTony Gardiner, Chief Financial OfficerMichael Vinegrad, Group Communications DirectorTel: +44 (0) 1904 21 7070www.avacta.com Stifel Nicolaus Europe Limited (Nomad and Joint Broker)Nicholas Moore / Nick Adams / Samira Essebiyea / Nick Harland / Ben GoodTel: +44 (0) 207 710 7600www.stifel.comPeel Hunt (Joint Broker)James Steel / Chris Golden / Patrick BirkholmTel: +44 (0) 207 418 8900www.peelhunt.com ICR Consilium (Media and IR)Mary-Jane Elliott / Jessica Hodgson / Sukaina Virjiavacta@consilium-comms.com About AVA6000AVA6000, Avacta Therapeutics’ lead oncology program, is a peptide drug conjugate consisting of doxorubicin conjugated with a peptide moiety that is specifically cleaved by fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). FAP is selectively overexpressed in many solid tumors. The peptide moiety (pre|CISIONTM) prevents cellular entry of doxorubicin unless cleaved by FAP, thus enabling targeted delivery of doxorubicin directly to the TME. About Avacta Group plc - https://www.avacta.comAvacta Group is a UK-based company focused on improving healthcare outcomes through targeted cancer treatments and diagnostics. Avacta has two divisions: an oncology biotech division harnessing proprietary therapeutic platforms to develop novel, highly targeted cancer drugs, and a diagnostics division, which is executing on an M&A led growth strategy to create a full-spectrum diagnostics business focused on supporting healthcare professionals and broadening access to testing. Avacta’s two proprietary platforms, Affimer® and pre|CISION™ underpin its cancer therapeutics whilst the diagnostics division leverages the Affimer® platform to drive competitive advantage in its markets. The pre|CISION™ platform modifies chemotherapy to be activated only in the tumour tissue, reducing systemic exposure and toxicity. This is achieved by harnessing an enzyme called FAP which is highly upregulated in most solid tumours compared with healthy tissues, turning chemotherapy into a “precision medicine”. The lead pre|CISION™ programme, AVA6000 a tumour activated form of doxorubicin, is in Phase 1 studies and has shown dramatic improvement in safety compared with standard doxorubicin, and early signs of clinical activity. To register for news alerts by email go to https://avacta.com/investors/investor-news-email-alerts/

BOTHELL, Wash.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Immunome, Inc. (Nasdaq: IMNM), a biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class and best-in-class targeted cancer therapies, today announced that it will present preclinical data for IM-3050, the company’s lead lutetium-177 radioligand therapy (RLT) targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Jack Higgins, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer at Immunome, will present the data in a poster at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting 2024, which is taking place April 5-10 in San Diego, California. “FAP is an attractive target for cancer therapy, but trials with first-generation FAP-RLTs have produced modest clinical responses, indicating the need for novel agents with improved therapeutic properties,” commented Dr. Higgins. “We believe IM-3050 has best-in-class potential and look forward to sharing preclinical data for the program at AACR.” Immunome expects to submit an Investigational New Drug application to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for IM-3050 in the first quarter of 2025. Poster Presentation Details: Title: A novel lutetium-177 radioligand therapy targeting FAP has potent antitumor activity in xenograft cancer model (Abstract #6026) Presenter: Jack Higgins, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer Date: April 9, 2024 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. PDT A copy of the poster will be available on the Events & Presentations section of Immunome’s website following the conference. About Immunome, Inc. Immunome is a biotechnology company dedicated to developing first-in-class and best-in-class targeted cancer therapies. Our portfolio pursues each target with a modality appropriate to its biology, including small molecules, ADCs, RLTs and immunotherapies. We believe that pursuing underexplored targets with appropriate drug modalities leads to transformative therapies. Our proprietary memory B cell hybridoma technology allows for the rapid screening and functional characterization of novel antibodies and targets. For more information, visit or follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn. Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements contained in this communication regarding matters that are not historical facts, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). We use words and phrases such as “would,” “will,” “indicating,” “believe,” “potential,” “look forward,” “expect” and similar expressions to identify these forward-looking statements that are intended to be covered by the safe-harbor provisions of the PSLRA. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding Immunome’s belief about the need for novel agents with improved therapeutic properties and the potential for IM-3050 and Immunome’s expected timeline for filing an IND for IM-3050 in the first quarter of 2025; and other statements regarding management’s intentions, plans, beliefs, expectations or forecasts for the future. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed, and actual results may differ materially from those projected. Such forward-looking statements are based on Immunome’s beliefs and expectations and involve risks and uncertainties; consequently, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the statements due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the risk that Immunome will not be able to realize the benefits of its strategic transactions, Immunome’s ability to grow and successfully execute on its business plan, including the development and commercialization of its pipeline; changes in the applicable laws or regulations; the possibility that Immunome may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors; the risk that regulatory approvals for Immunome’s programs and product candidates are not obtained, are delayed or are subject to unanticipated conditions; the risk that pre-clinical data may not be predictive of clinical data; the risk that interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results; potential delays in the commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials and the reporting of data therefrom; the risk that our product and development candidates fail to achieve their intended endpoints; the complexity of numerous regulatory and legal requirements that Immunome needs to comply with to operate its business; the reliance on Immunome’s management; the prior experience and successes of the Immunome’s management team not being indicative of any future success; uncertainties related to Immunome’s capital requirements and Immunome’s expected cash runway; the failure to obtain, adequately protect, maintain or enforce Immunome’s intellectual property rights; and other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time described in exhibit 99.2 filed with Immunome’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 13, 2024, and in Immunome’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2024, and in Immunome’s other filings with the SEC. Immunome cautions that the foregoing list of factors is not exclusive and not to place undue reliance upon any forward-looking statements which speak only as of the date made. Moreover, Immunome operates in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. Except as required by law, Immunome does not undertake any obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this press release to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in their expectations.